1. Problems in Water Supply, Sanitation & Hygiene Promotion Irish Aid photoICRC photo 2.1

2. Problem 1: : In large scale emergencies, particularly those resulting in mass displacement, there simply isn’t enough water readily available. FAO photo

3. What’s wrong with this picture? If this pump can deliver 2 cu.m. of water per day, how many people can it adequately serve if there is no other source of water available? Photo - www.lifewater.ca/kardia.htm A. If you assume 15 l/p/d… 333 people. Q. Why?

4. 1 metre 1 cube -10 cm X 10 cm X10 cm =1 litre 10 cm 1 m 3 of water = 1 metric ton 1 litre of water = 1 kg 1 m 3 of water = 1,000 litres 1 m 3 of water = 1,000 kgs

5. Problem 2: : In many disasters where enough water is readily available, it isn’t safe to drink. OFDA photo

6. All surface water is considered to be contaminated UNICEF photo

7. Problem 3: : Emergency water distribution systems, especially for camps, are often badly designed for ongoing, daily use. Long queues for water are common…. OXFAM photo So are constant repairs

8. Choose the best equipment for a rural emergency camp’s water system from the selection below. Tap ATap BTap C Water Carrier A Water Carrier B Water Carrier C

9. Problem 4: :Drainage, Drainage, Drainage! Camp Hope, June 14, 1999 Camp Hope, June 22, 1999

10. Which hectare (A-L) of this site is most suitable for a tent camp, Based on site slope only? AB CD IJ KL EF GH 0m 100m 200m 300m 400m 610 620 630 610 + 619 Tree cover Elevation in 2m increments Building Paved road Intermittent stream River Marsh

11. Problem 5: In mass population emergencies involving displacement to crowded areas,people defecate everywhere, quickly contaminating the site.

12. Problem 6: Garbage piles attract rats and flies which pose serious threats to public health.

13. Problem 7: Often, even when there are enough latrines provided, they are not used. MSF photo Why?

14. Zimbabwe Mexico Dominican Republic VIP latrines are a world-wide standard... Pakistan

15. UNHCR/e-Centre/InterWorks - Emergency Management Training 15 in use Removeable hole cover Vent pipe Ventilated Improved Pit (VIP) Latrine See 7. “Hygienic Toilets”, page 75 in 2004 edition Fly screen! Dark inside

16. Basically - 1. reduce vectors through waste management and site drainage 2. Prevent mosquito bites through provision of bednets 3. Use chemicals only with expert guidance and always with extreme caution Vector Control

17. Problem 8: Poor living conditions, lack of adequate water and soap, along with poor utensils and containers lead to recontamination of clean water and food at the household level. UNHCR photo

18. What’s wrong with this picture?

19. Problem 9: The scope, scale, and speed of the emergency situation overwhelms sanitation needs BBC photo

20. WHEN TIME IS OF THE ESSENCE…. What can be done immediately (hours and days) to reduce risks of dehydration and disease? What can be done in the short - term (days and weeks)? What can be done in the medium term (weeks and months)? What can be done for the long term (months and years?)? See the Handout…. “An Emergency Sanitation Problem”

21. FIRST HOURS AND DAYSWater: bottled water distributionbottled water distribution tankering w/ bladder tankstankering w/ bladder tanks treatment sachets for surface water sourcestreatment sachets for surface water sources jerry cans and containers with purifying tabletsjerry cans and containers with purifying tablets Sanitation: Protection of water sourcesProtection of water sources marked defecation areasmarked defecation areas signage and wardens to police sanitation situationsignage and wardens to police sanitation situation soapsoap UNHCR

22. FIRST DAYS AND WEEKS Water: tankering w/ bladder tankstankering w/ bladder tanks “hard” tanks & distribution systems“hard” tanks & distribution systems jerry cans and containers with purifying tabletsjerry cans and containers with purifying tablets Sanitation: Protection of water sourcesProtection of water sources marked defecation trenches or communal latrinesmarked defecation trenches or communal latrines signage and wardens to police sanitation situationsignage and wardens to police sanitation situation soapsoap education campaigneducation campaign IFRC photo OFDA

23. FIRST WEEKS AND MONTHSWater: tankering only to meet gapstankering only to meet gaps wells where possiblewells where possible purification systems where neededpurification systems where needed “hard” tanks & extended distribution systems“hard” tanks & extended distribution systems jerry cansjerry cans Sanitation: Protection of water sourcesProtection of water sources family latrines or increased numbers of community latrinesfamily latrines or increased numbers of community latrines community sanitation teamscommunity sanitation teams Solid waste disposal systemSolid waste disposal system soapsoap IRC Butyl Products MSF

24. FIRST MONTHS AND YEARS Water: tankering only to meet gaps improved wells where possible purification systems where needed maintenance of “hard” tanks & extended distribution systems jerry cans Sanitation: Protection of water sources “Soakaways” at water points family latrines (VIP type) community sanitation teams Solid waste disposal system soap Butyl Products

25. Conclusions: CONCLUSION: The water and sanitation sector is so critical to public health that these needs must be addressed competently if humanitarian assistance in any sector is to succeed. AusAid photo