1. 1/5/2015 Happy New Year! Presentations of your organelle analogies.
Differentiation of cells
Stem Cell Video Project
HW: Organelle Shape reading:
Summary of each section with key points.

2. Differentiation: You were a
single cell.
As cells divide they specialize.
All of your cells have the same DNA but what is “on” changes
Chemical signals turn DNA on or off

3. You are ~7.5 TRILLION cells.
~200 different types
work together
form the tissues that make up organs.
To do their “jobs”
cells come in different sizes & shapes
have different numbers of each organelle.

4. Example of Specialization
Macrophage (White Blood Cell)
Red Blood Cell
Specialized to digest invading bacteria
Specialized to carry oxygen (no nucleus or mitochondria)

5. about 50 divisions from fertilized egg to “adult”
Adult cell is done dividing…not only in adults in babies too.
Once the cells reach “adulthood” they are done differentiating.
Some cells retain the ability to divide and differentiate. They are called “adult (or tissue) stem cells”.
A stem cell is a cell that is not completely differentiated or “programmed”.

6. Where are stem cells found?
tissue stem cells
fetus, baby and throughout life
embryonic stem cells
blastocyst - a very early embryo
Where are stem cells found?
There are different types of stem cells:
Embryonic stem cells: found in the blastocyst, a very early stage embryo that has about 50 to 100 cells;
Tissue stem cells: found in the tissues of the body (in a fetus, baby, child or adult).
(Tissue stem cells are sometimes referred to as adult stem cells, even though they are found in the fetus and in babies, as well as in adults.)

7. Embryonic Unprogrammed, can develop into anything
Use in science is controversial

8. Adult (tissue): semi-programmed

9. Tissue stem cells: Where we find them
surface of the eye
brain
skin
breast
intestines (gut)
testicles
Tissue stem cells: Where we find them
We all have stem cells in our bodies all the time. They are essential for keeping us fit and healthy. They replace cells that are damaged or used up. Scientists are still learning about all the different kinds of tissue stem cells found in our bodies and how they work.
bone marrow
muscles

10. Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS cells)
cell from the body
‘genetic reprogramming’
= add certain genes to the cell
induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cell
behaves like an embryonic stem cell
all possible types of
specialized cells
culture iPS cells in the lab
differentiation
Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS cells)
Note: This slide contains a lot of information and may be too complex for some audiences unless there is plenty of time for explanations and discussions.
What are iPS cells?
In 2006, scientists discovered that it is possible to make a new kind of stem cell in the laboratory. They found that they could transform skin cells from a mouse into cells that behave just like embryonic stem cells. In 2007, researchers did this with human cells too. The new stem cells that are made in the lab are called induced pluripotent stem cells. Just like embryonic stem cells, they can make all the different types of cell in the body – so we say they are pluripotent.
Making induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells is a bit like turning back time. Scientists add particular genes to cells from the body to make them behave like embryonic stem cells. Genes give cells instructions about how to behave. So, this process is a bit like changing the instructions in a computer programme to make the computer do a new task. Scientists call the process they use to make iPS cells ‘genetic reprogramming’.
Why are they exciting?
Researchers hope that one day they might be able to use iPS cells to help treat diseases like Parkinson’s or Alzheimer’s. They hope to:
Take cells from the body - like skin cells - from a patient
Make iPS cells
Use those iPS cells to grow the specialized cells the patient needs to recover from the disease, e.g. certain brain cells. These cells would be made from the patient’s own skin cells so the body would not reject them.
There is a long way to go before scientists can do this, but iPS cells are an exciting discovery.
Advantage: no need for embryos!

11. Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS cells)
genetic reprogramming
pluripotent stem cell
(iPS)
cell from the body (skin)
differentiation
Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS cells)
This is an alternative representation of the same information as on the previous slide. Please see the previous explanatory notes. 11

12. Stem cells: Challenges
skin
grow under conditions A
neurons
grow under conditions B
liver
grow under conditions D
blood
grow under conditions C
embryonic stem cells
Embryonic stem cells: Challenges
Scientists around the world are trying to understand how and why embryonic stem cells produce skin, blood, nerve or any other particular kind of specialized cell. What controls the process so that the stem cells make the right amount of each cell type, at the right time?
The big challenge for scientists is to learn how to control these fascinating cells. If we could force embryonic stem cells to make whatever kind of cell we want, then we would have a powerful tool for developing treatments for disease. For example, perhaps we could grow new insulin-producing cells to transplant into a patient with diabetes. But there is a great deal to learn before such therapies can be developed. Scientists also want to use stem cells to:
Understand how diseases develop (disease modelling)
Test drugs in the laboratory ?

13. Stem Cell Project and HW
HW: read the on-line cell shape article
Project: rest of class today finish the majority or research & planning. Next class bring any props. Time to finalize, record/send to me.