1. Chapters 18 & 19 Bacteria Viruses & Operon Systems

2. Key Topics for Ch. 18 & 19 Chapter 18 Topic Pgs. Viruses : DNA, RNA (retroviruses) 334-342 Lytic & Lysogenic Cycle 337-339 Bacteria: Genetic recombination 346-350 Plasmids & Conjugation Transformation (Lab) Transposable elements 351-352 Lac Operon System 353-356 Regulating Gene Expression Chapter 19 Pgs. DNA & Chromatin packing into chromosomes360-361 Oncogenes & Tumor-supressor genes (Cancer)370-373 Transposons (B. McClintock) w/Indian corn 375

3. DNA & RNA Viruses See Pgs. 340

4. Lytic & Lysogenic Cycles of a Virus (Lysogenic:host is not destroyed)

5. 5 Classes of Viruses-Pg. 340

6. Examples of Common Viruses DNARNA HerpesvirusEbola PoxvirusInfuenza Papovirus (warts)HIV Measels, Mumps Rabies West Nile

7. HIV Infection (pgs 340-342)

8. HIV infection on a White Blood Cell

9. Invasion of a Virus

11. Relative size Differences between of Viruses, Prokaryotes, and Eukaryotes

12. Bacterial Reproduction of DNA

13. Transduction

14. Conjugation and the transfer of the F Plasmid http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072437316/student_view0/chapter20/animations.html

15. Transformation Uptake of foreign DNA from the environment What we did in our lab (pGLO plasmid)

16. Detecting Genetic Recombination in Bacteria (pg. 347)

17. Insertion Sequences & Transposable Elements (pgs. 351-352) Always a part of of chromosomal or plasmid DNA Sometimes called “jumping genes”-never detach Inverted sequences are on each side of an insertion sequences. (See pg. 352) A single gene for coded for:transposase Specialized plasmids are constructed using these sequences. http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072437316/student_view0/chapter20/animations.html

18. Jacob & Monod Discovered Lac Operon – Nobel Prize for Discovering Control of Gene Expression

19. Regulation of a Metabolic Pathway

20. Specialized Genes Operator = "on/off" switch for operon Regulator = makes repressors to turn off an entire operon Repressor = Binds to operator, turn off gene expression Inducer = Joins with an active repressor, activates it Co-repressor = Joins with inactive repressor, converts it to active

21. OPERON THEORY Operon = group of structural genes regulated as a unit Several genes controlled by an operator site

22. Operon Complex RNA Polymerase must bind to the promoter site and continue past the operator site to transcribe mRNA

23. Repressible Operons (trp operon) Usually “ON” - to turn OFF: –Co-repressor needs to bind to an inactive repressor and activate it –RNA Polymerase then cannot bind and transcribe mRNA Ex. trp operon is a repressible operon: -trancription is usually on -inhibited only by tryptophan (corepressor)

25. Trp Operon when Tryptophan is Absent http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072437316/student_view0/chapter18/animations.html# http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072437316/student_view0/chapter18/animations.html#

26. INDUCIBLE Operons (ex. lac operon) Usually “OFF” - to turn ON: –INDUCER needs to bind to an active repressor and inactivate it –RNA Polymerase can then bind and transcribe mRNA Ex. Lac operon is an inducible operon

27. Lac Operon Lactose ONLY used when glucose is not present in large quantities When glucose is present, cAMP levels are low, cAMP cannot bind to CAP and initiate enzyme production

28. Inactive Repressor-Lactose Present http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072437316/student_view0/chapter18/animations.html http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072437316/student_view0/chapter18/animations.html

29. Lac Operon In absence of glucose, cAMP levels are HIGH, binding to CAP can occur Beta-Galactosidase is made

30. Lac Operon RNA polymerase only binds efficiently when cAMP-CAP complex is in place Lac Operon = an INDUCIBLE Operon Lactose = an INDUCER –Binds to repressor and inactivates it

31. Lac Operon Summary

32. Key Concepts for Chapter 19 Review of DNA & Genome359-362 Oncogenes & Proto-Oncogenes370-373 Tumor Supressor Genes McClintok’s transposons375-376

33. Chromatin Def: complex of DNA and proteins DNA Packing Histone proteins (+ charged amino acids w/ phosphates of DNA that are - charged) Nucleosome -”beads on a string”; basic unit of DNA packing Heterochromatin -highly condensed interphase DNA (can not be transcribed) Euchromatin -less compacted interphase DNA (can be transcribed)

34. The Biology of Cancer (review) Oncogenes & Tumor Suppressor Genes (RAS gene)(p53 gene)

35. Molecular Biology of Cancer pgs. 370-371 I. Proto-oncogene -----convert into Oncogenes -Controls cell growth(cell cycle & levels of cyclin) -Analogy: gas pedal is stuck in the down position ***Possible Causes: -movement of DNA &/or chromosome fragments -amplification; increases the number of copies of proto-oncogene -point mutation; protein product is altered II. Tumor-suppressor genes -Considered the “Guardian Angel gene” -Example (p53 gene) -Analogy: Break pedal is stuck in the up position

37. Assignt. Packet #3 (Ch. 16-20) Cover sheet: (Name, Period, Unit #3 Ch. 16-20) Pre-Lab: Bacteria Transformation (pGlo lab) – pick up Pre-Lab: Analysis of Lambda DNA w/Gel Electrophoresis Videos: –True Story of the Elephant Man –DNA Blueprint of Life (3 segments) –Cracking the Code of Life –Using DNA Fingerprinting to solve crimes (2 cases shown) IQ’s x6 Cumulative Practice test (40 Quest.) – Printout results ****Be sure to Choose Chapters 16-20

38. Test #3 Breakdown (Ch. 16-20) Chapter 16: History/Discovery of DNA replication15 Chapter 17: Protein Synthesis (gene expression)18 Chapter 20: Recombinant DNA Technology14 Chapter 18: Gene regulation & Viruses 8 Chapter 19: Cancer Review/Transposons 2 Lab: 6 Cumulative Quest. (Ch. 1-19):12 ____________________________________________________ TOTAL Questions: 75 Topics to review: Proteins (struct. & function)-x2, Cell Respiration (glycolysis & Kreb), Diffusion/osmosis, Membrane fluidity, Genetic cross (Mendelian), Enzyme function, chromosome number after mitosis or meiosis. # Questions