2. Earth’s energy balance Earth’s climate system Glacial cycles Natural variability Volcanic eruptions

11. Key terms: –Radiation (long wave vs. short wave) –Albedo –Convection, conduction, latent heat –Greenhouse effect

13. Troposphere Stratosphere Mesosphere Thermosphere Exosphere 0-15km 50-85km 15-50km 100-400km >400km

14. Equator 30˚S 60˚S Hadley Cell Ferrel Cell Polar Cell

16. Key Terms –Atmospheric layers (e.g. Troposphere and Stratosphere) –Hadley cell –Oceanic currents

18. Aphelion Perihelion

19. 23.5˚N 23.5˚S 22.1˚-24.2˚

20. 13,000 years Polaris Vega

22. Sunspot Plage

23. Key terms: –Milankovitch cycles Eccentricity –Aphelion –Perihelion Obliquity Precession –Sunspots Plages

25. 10 0 10 810 10 4 Meters Seconds 10 6 (Week) (Hour) 10 8 (Year) 10 2 (Minute) Turbulence Tornadoes Thunderstorms Tropical Cyclones El Niño- Southern Oscillation

26. Neutral

27. El Niño / Warm event

28. La Niña / Cool event

30. Key terms: –Weather vs. Climate –El Niño-Southern Oscillation –Scales: time and spatial

32. H2OH2O CO 2 SO 2 H2H2 CO H2SH2S HCl HF

34. NOAA ESRL

36. Earth’s radiation is balanced through incoming (solar) and outgoing (longwave) radiation The atmosphere plays a role through greenhouse gases Earth’s climate can be affected by changes in the chemical composition of the atmosphere and changes in solar radiation

37. Broecker, Wallace S. 1991. The great ocean conveyor. Oceanography 4(2): 79-89. Broecker, Wallace S. 1982. Glacial to interglacial changes in ocean chemistry. Progress in Oceanography 11(2): 151-197. Kump, Lee R., James F. Kasting, and Robert G. Crane. 2010. The earth system. Prentice Hall, San Francisco, U.S.A. McCormick, M. Patrick, Larry W. Thomason, and Charles R. Trepte. 1995. Atmospheric effects of the Mt Pinatubo eruption. Nature 373.6513: 399-404. [USGS] Unites States Geological Survey. Volcanic Gases and Their Effects. Available from: http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/hazards/gas/index.php (accessed February 20, 2014). http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/hazards/gas/index.php