1. Adaptations to the Physical Environment: I.Water and Nutrients A. Properties and Adaptations 1. High Specific Heat Property: Takes a large change in E to change temp and state… so water is a stable internal and external environment

2. Adaptations to the Physical Environment: I.Water and Nutrients A. Properties and Adaptations 1. High Specific Heat Property: Takes a large change in E to change temp and state… so water is a stable internal and external environment, and evaporation cools surfaces

3. Adaptations to the Physical Environment: I.Water and Nutrients A. Properties and Adaptations 1. High Specific Heat 2. Density and Viscosity ocean “fresh”

4. Adaptations to the Physical Environment: I.Water and Nutrients A. Properties and Adaptations 1. High Specific Heat 2. Density and Viscosity Gases (swim bladder) Low Density Fluids Fats, Oils Positively Affect Buoyancy Negatively Affect Buoyancy Bone, Cartilage Shell Chitinous Exoskeleton Heavy Ions “Buoyancy” is a function of relative density of the organism to its environment.

5. Adaptations to the Physical Environment: I.Water and Nutrients A. Properties and Adaptations 1. High Specific Heat 2. Density and Viscosity Temperature [°C]Viscosity [mPa·s] 101.308 201.002 300.7978 400.6531 500.5471 600.4658 700.4044 800.3550 900.3150 1000.2822 Viscosity of Water Small organisms may exploit viscosity and drag to slow sinking rate Hydrodynamic shape is adaptive in mobile organisms

6. Adaptations to the Physical Environment: I.Water and Nutrients A. Properties and Adaptations 1. High Specific Heat 2. Density and Viscosity 3. Universal Solvent Ions and polar compounds dissolve in water, and become available for uptake or for chemical reactions. - H 2 O + CO 2  H 2 CO 3 (carbonic acid) - H 2 CO 3 (carbonic acid)  H + + HCO 3 - (bicarbonate) - HCO 3 - (bicarbonate)  2H + + CO 3 2- (carbonate) Ca 2+ is at maximum solubility in oceans, so it precipitates out with the carbonate as CaCO 3

8. Adaptations to the Physical Environment: I.Water and Nutrients A. Properties and Adaptations 1. High Specific Heat 2. Density and Viscosity 3. Universal Solvent 4. Water Dissociates Feldspar minerals: KAlSi KAlSi 3 O 8 - NaAlSi 3 O 8 - CaAl 2 Si 2 O 8 ONaAlSi OCaAl Si O Freeing H+ is solution, which can displace other cations bound minerals; this is chemical weathering, and it makes these cations available for bio-uptake (K +, Al +, Na +, Ca + )

9. Adaptations to the Physical Environment: I.Water and Nutrients A. Properties and Adaptations 1. High Specific Heat 2. Density and Viscosity 3. Universal Solvent 4. Water Dissociates 5. Water is Adhesive and Cohesive

10. Adaptations to the Physical Environment: I.Water and Nutrients A. Properties and Adaptations 1. High Specific Heat 2. Density and Viscosity 3. Universal Solvent 4. Water Dissociates 5. Water is Adhesive and Cohesive 6. Water Potential - mechanical pressure (+) - gravitational pressure (+) - humidity pressure (+) - solute/osmotic pressure (-) - matrix adhesion effects (-) [ 1] [ 1]

11. Adaptations to the Physical Environment: I.Water and Nutrients A. Properties and Adaptations 1. High Specific Heat 2. Density and Viscosity 3. Universal Solvent 4. Water Dissociates 5. Water is Adhesive and Cohesive 6. Water Potential 7. Plants

12. Adaptations to the Physical Environment: I.Water and Nutrients A. Properties and Adaptations 7. Plants Water uptake by roots Plant use a H+ pump to actively transport H+ out of cell; this causes cation displacement of cations, that either diffuse into the cell or are actively transported into the cell… Increase solute concentration decreases water potential in cell Water moves in by osmosis

13. Adaptations to the Physical Environment: I.Water and Nutrients A. Properties and Adaptations 7. Plants Water uptake by roots Water is transported between root cells through plasmodesmata – cytoplasmic connection through cell walls.

14. Adaptations to the Physical Environment: I.Water and Nutrients A. Properties and Adaptations 7. Plants Water uptake by roots Cl- ions are actively transported from endodermal cells (pericycle), and water follows into the xylem by osmosis.

15. Adaptations to the Physical Environment: I.Water and Nutrients A. Properties and Adaptations 7. Plants Transport in xylem Facilitated by capillary action – the combined effects of cohesive and adhesive forces in small tube

16. Adaptations to the Physical Environment: I.Water and Nutrients A. Properties and Adaptations 7. Plants Action in the leaf a – water flows into cells and vaporizes in spongy mesophyll b – vapor moves from substomal air space (b) out of leaf (c), drawing more water into substomatal space from xylem c- under dry conditions, guard cells shrivel, closing the stoma, reducing evaporative water loss

18. Adaptations to the Physical Environment: I.Water and Nutrients A. Properties and Adaptations 8. Animals