1. Body as a Whole

2. Objectives Structural organization of the body Identify body cavities and their organs Anatomical divisions of the abdomen Positions, directions and planes of the body New medical terms

3. Structural Organization of the Body Cells Tissues Organs Systems

4. Cells The fundamental unit of all living things. Trillions of cells in the body Composed of water, protein, sugar, acids, fats and various minerals

5. Functions of cells Take in food and oxygen: ingestion, respiration, digestion Produce heat and energy: metabolism Move and adapt to environment: motility and transport Eliminate wastes: excretion Perform special functions: secretion Reproduce to create new identical cells

6. Parts of a Cell Activity and notes

8. Cell Membrane Outer protective covering of cell Composition: protein and fats Semi-permeable Phagocytosis: “cell eating” Pinocytosis: “cell drinking” Exocytosis: removes particles form the cell

9. Cytoplasm Fluid inside the membrane Contains water, food, organelles, and other special materials Carries on the work of the cell

10. Nucleus “brain of the cell” Controls the cells activities including reproduction Determines the structure and function of the cell NUCLEOLUS: located in the cell nucleus, important in reproduction (RNA)

11. Chromosomes Rod like structures in the nucleus All cells contain 23 pairs of chromosomes except the sperm and the egg (they are unpaired) Genes: regions of chromosomes containing a chemical called DNA DNA has a code by which it regulates the activity in the cell, such as cellular reproduction and manufacture proteins

12. Mitochondria Located throughout the cytoplasm Powerhouse of the cell Produce energy (ATP-ADP) thru a process called Catabolism – breakdown of sugar and fat

13. Ribosomes: manufacture protein Anabloism = building up complex materials (proteins) from simple parts (amino acids) Catabolism = break down of complex materials to simpler form Metabolism = total chemical processes Endoplasmic Reticulum Transport system/network of canals throughout the cell Smooth ER: lipids Rough ER: Proteins

14. Lysosomes Sacks of digestive enzymes Golgi Apparatus Synthesize carbohydrates Transport enzymes & hormones “packaging” of materials

15. Types of Cells

16. Cell Reproduction Mitosis: Replaces dead/injured cells Divide into identical cells Form of asexual reproduction Some cells do not reproduce, ie. Nerve, spinal, muscle cells Meiosis: reduction division 23 chromosomes in egg/sperm

17. Tissues Tissues Group or layer of similarly functioning cells that join together to perform certain specific functions

18. Types of Tissue 1. Epithelial – protective covering of the body surfaces –Epithelium – forms the epidermis of the skin and the surface layer of mucous membranes –Endothelium – lines the blood and lymph vessels, body cavities, glands, and organs

19. Types of Tissue 2. Connective Tissue – support and connect organs and other tissue - Dense connective tissue – bone/cartilage - Adipose - fat - Loose connective tissue – surrounds organs - Liquid connective tissue – blood and lymph

20. Types of Tissue 3. Muscle tissue – contains cell material with the specialized ability to contract and relax 4. Nerve tissue – contains cells with the specialized ability to react to stimuli and conduct electrical impulses

21. Pathology of Tissue Formation Aplasia = lackof development (a= without + plasia = formation) Hypoplasia – deficient formation Hyperplasia – excessive formation Dysplasia – abnormal development or growth (dys = bad + plasia=formation) Anaplasia – change in the structure of cells and their orientation to each other

22. GlandsGlands Group of specialized epithelial cells that form secretions

23. Types of Glands Exocrine – secret their chemical into ducts that lead either to other organs or to outside the body Endocrine – secrete hormones that flow directly into the blood stream

24. Pathology/Procedures of Glands Adenectomy Adenitis Adenoma Adenomalacia Adenosclerosis Adenosis

25. OrgansOrgans A somewhat independent part of the body that performs a special function or functions

26. Body Systems Skeletal Muscular Cardiovascular Lymphatic and Immune Respiratory

27. Body Systems Digestive Urinary Nervous Integumentary Reproductive Endocrine

28. Pathology Pathologist Etiology

29. Types of Disease Infectious disease Idiopathic Organic Functional disorder Iatrogenic illness Nosocomial

30. Disease Transmission Communicable -contagious Contaminated – possible presence of an infectious agent Bloodborne transmission

31. Disease Transmission Sexually Transmitted Diseases Airborne transmission Food and Waterborne transmission – also known as fecal/oral transmission

32. Outbreaks of Diseases Endemic = ongoing presence of a disease within a population, group, or area (e.g., common cold – always present in the population) Epidemic = sudden and wide-spread outbreak of a disease (e.g., measles) Pandemic = means occurring over a large geographic area, possibly worldwide