1. Fig. 19-2a, p.306 coccus bacillus spirillum

2. pilus bacterial flagellum cell wall outer capsule plasma membrane cytoplasm, with ribosomes DNA, in nucleoid Fig. 19-2b, p.306

3. a The bacterial chromosome is attached to the plasma membrane prior to DNA replication. b Replication starts and proceeds in two directions from a certain site in the bacterial chromosome. c The DNA copy becomes attached at a membrane site near the attachment site of the parent DNA molecule. d Then the two DNA molecules are moved apart by membrane growth between two attachment sites. e Lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates are built for new membrane and new wall material. Both get inserted across the cell’s midsection. f The ongoing, orderly disposition of membrane and wall material at the midsection cuts the cell in two. Fig. 19-4, p.307

4. p.307 biochemical and molecular origin of life to ancestors of eukaryotic cells DOMAIN BACTERIADOMAIN ARCHAEA

5. Fig. 19-6a, p.308

6. Fig. 19-8a-c, p.309

7. Fig. 19-10, p.310

8. Fig. 19-11a, p.311

9. Fig. 19-13, p.313 sheath DNA in protein coat tail fiber Lytic Pathway Lysogenic Pathway e Lysis of host cell lets new virus particles escape. a Viral DNA is inserted into host chromosome by viral enzyme action c Cell divides; recombinant DNA in each daughter cell. b Chromosome and integrated viral DNA are replicated. b Host replicates viral genetic material, builds viral proteins. c Viral proteins self- assembleinto a coat around viral DNA. d Accessory parts are attached to viral coat. a Virus particle binds, injects genetic material. d Viral enzyme excises viral DNA from chromosome.

10. Fig. 19-16, p.314

11. p.315 Mycobacterium tuberculosis SARS virusEbola virus

12. Fig. 19-17, p.317

13. Fig. 20-1a, p.318

14. Fig. 20-1c, p.318

15. Fig. 20-3, p.320 parabasalids diplomonads euglenoids kinetoplastids apicomplexans to plants to fungito animals red algae green algae amoebozoans prokaryotic ancestors STRAMENOPILES ALVEOLATES brown algae diatoms chrysophytes foraminiferansradiolarians oomycotes ciliates dinoflagellates FLAGELLATED PROTOZOANS

16. Fig. 20-4, p.321

17. pellicle long flagellum contractile vacuole chloroplast mitochondrion eyespot nucleus ER Golgi body Fig. 20-5, p.321

18. Fig. 20-6, p.322

19. p.322 plasma membrane (blue) alveolus

20. Fig. 20-7, p.323

21. Fig. 20-8a, p.323

22. Fig. 20-8b, p.323

23. g Plasmodium zygotes develop inside the gut of female mosquitoes. They become sporozoites, which migrate to the insect’s salivary glands. a Mosquito bites human, bloodstream carries the sporozoites to liver. d Some of the merozoites enter liver, cause more malaria episodes. e Others develop into male, female gametocytes that are released intobloodstream. male gametocyte in red blood cell f Female mosquito bites, sucks blood from infected human. Gametocytes in blood enter her gut, mature into gametes, which fuse to form zygotes. sporozoites b Sporozoites asexually reproduce in liver cells. c Offspring (merozoites) enter blood, invade red blood cells, reproduce asexually. They can do so often, over a prolonged period. Disease symptoms (fever, chills, shaking) get more and more severe. Fig. 20-9a, p.324 merozoite

24. Fig. 20-11, p.325

25. Fig. 20-12, p.326

26. Fig. 20-14, p.327

27. Fig. 20-16, p.328

28. Fig. 20-17, p.329