1. Parts of Speech Noun Pronoun Verb Adverb Adjective Preposition Conjunction Interjection

2. Noun A noun is a word that names a person, place, a thing, or an idea in your writing. Person: students, secretary, Bob, Janet Place: city, sky, Texas, FCMS Thing: cat, clouds, pie, ferrets Idea: the strength, her truth, an effect Concrete Noun (you can touch it): water, table Abstract Noun (you cannot touch it): joy, August, kindness

3. Pronoun A pronoun is a word used in place of a noun. I youhe she itwe they Mehim herus them Antecedent: The noun replaced, or referred to. The temperature was so hot that it broke a record. Ms. Jones said that she never saw snow before.

4. Indefinite Pronouns SingularPlural Singular/ Plural another each more one anybody everybodynobody some anyone everyoneno one somebody anything everythingnothing someone both few many several all any most none much An indefinite pronoun refers people or things that are not specifically named.

5. Indefinite Pronouns Sentences Singular: Somebody needs to help Lucy tie her shoes. Plural: Many of the trees were saved from the fire. Singular: All of the rain is over for today, but it will return tomorrow. (singular because rain is singular) Plural: Many of the trees were saved from the fire. (plural because trees are plural)

6. Verb The main verb either shows action or links the subject to another word in the sentence. A “helping” (linking) verb “helps” to complete the main verb. Action: The hurricane destroyed many homes. Linking: Hurricane Katrina has hit Texas.

7. Adverb Answers how, when (how often), where, how much. How? Dad drove carefully through the fog. When? We hope it clears up later. Where? The fog seems to be everywhere. How (much)? It completely blocks my view of our yard.

8. Adjective Adjectives are words that describe (modify) nouns or pronouns. Helps reader see, feel, hear, smell, and taste. What kind? Spanish moss; tall tree; sable ferret How much/many? few books; six ferrets; some rain Which one? That desk; those ferrets; last person Comparative: The ferret is smaller than a cat. Superlative: It’s the smallest ferret of the litter.

9. Preposition/Prepositional Phrase A preposition is the first word in a phrase; it is followed by a noun. It is considered added information. It can act as an adjective to describe a noun or pronoun (what kind?, how many?, how much?, which one?). NOUN The weather report on channel 13 predicts a cool night with clear skies. NOUN

10. Preposition/Prepositional Phrase It can also act as a adverb to describe a verb (how?, when?, where?, how long?, how often?, how much?). VERB Is hasn’t rained in Sugarland for three weeks. Where? How long?

11. Coordinating Conjunctions A coordinating conjunction connects two independent clauses/sentences to make a compound sentence. FANBOYS are the most common. A comma is needed before the FANBOYS. The holidays are coming up, and I can’t wait to sleep in! I love my mother’s potato casserole, yet my brother’s sweet potatoes are delicious too.

12. Subordating Conjunction They connect dependant clauses/sentence to an independent clauses/sentence. Remember, a dependant clause can not stand by itself; an independent clause/sentence can. The subordinating conjunction ‘complicates’ the sentence, so it is called a “complex sentence.” Refer to your SAM Sheet for the list.

13. Subordinate Clause at the beginning of a sentence If the subordinate clause is at the beginning of the sentence, a comma is needed. SC Because we don’t get the chance to get together very often, Thanksgiving is a special holiday. independent sentence

14. Subordinate Clause at the beginning of a sentence If the subordinate clause is at the end of the sentence, a comma is NOT needed. These can be harder to identify, so you need to look close and refer to your SAM Sheet. independent sentence SC My grandparents are flying down so they can share the holiday with us. (don’t get this confused with a compound sentence).

15. More examples… independent sentence SC Thanksgiving is a special holiday because we don’t get the chance to get together very often. SC independent sentence Although I like Thanksgiving, Christmas is my favorite holiday of the year because we get presents. SC

16. Interjection An interjection is a word or phrase used to express strong emotion or surprise. Punctuation (a comma or an exclamation point) is used to separate an interjection from the rest of the sentence. Wow, would you look at that! Oh no! He’s falling! Forget it! We are not getting another ferret. Yikes! I told my friends we were already.