1. Tectonics

2. Describe the distribution of earthquakes, volcanoes and fold mountains in relation to plate margins.
Describe the causes and effects of earthquakes and volcanic eruptions

4. Types of plate boundary
Constructive, e.g. Mid Atlantic Ridge;
Destructive, e.g. South America;
Conservative e.g. San Andreas.

8. Types of volcano
Composite cone volcano;
Shield volcano

9. Impact of volcanoes on people
Disadvantages
Death!!
Lava flows, pyroclastic flows, lahars, ash fall
Climate change
Loss of income and farm land
Loss of houseing
Advantages
Fertile soils
Geothermal power
Tourism
diamonds

10. Mount Etna

11. The fertile volcanic soils support extensive agriculture with vineyards and orchards spread across the lower slopes of the mountain and the broad Plain of Catania to the south.
They can generate electricity from the volcano using geothermal power;
The volcano attracts tourists and residents of nearby Messina and Catania earn money from renting accommodation to tourists;
The Italian government have invested money in prediction and they are willing to take the risk
The height of the volcano gives snow, - skiing

12. Earthquakes Measured on the Richter scale;
Primary effects include collapsed buildings;
Secondary effects include gas fires, disease and tsunamis

13. Effects of tectonic activity
More deaths occur in LEDCs;
Greatest financial loss occurs in MEDCs;
More deaths occur in urban areas;
The time of day is important.

14. Why difference in countries?
Poor quality buildings/infrastructure/roads/bridges;
which easily collapse;
As building regulations are not enforced;
High population densities;
Poor medical services/hospitals/get destroyed;
Therefore people cannot be properly treated for their injuries;
Lack of planning/emergency procedures/emergency shelters/level of preparation;
Poor education eg earthquake precautions;
Lack of money for re-building/assistance/rescue; etc.

15. Case study: Earthquakes
Maharashtra, India, intraplate 30 Sept, 1993
4.00 am
6.4
22,000 dead
10,000+, in anything
4,800
Points to note
Housing, disease , water, rescue 36 hours after by scouts, by hand
Los Angeles, USA, interplate 17 Jan 1994
4.31 am
6.6
47 dead
20,000+, in tents
2,300 Injured
Points to note
Fires, water, housing Infrastructure , FEMA, economy

16. Fold mountains

17. Living in the fold mountains
The main activities in the Alps are connected with:
Tourism;
dairy farming;
Forestry;
HEP;
and industry.

18. Problems of fold mountain areas
These include
Climate;
Transport;
Farming;
Industry;
and low population density