1. Today: Our First Presentations! Macroevolution  Diversity! Onto Prokaryotes Meeting the Protists Overview of Fungi?

2. Thinking About Macroevolution What’s a species??

3. Defining a Species: the Biological Species Concept Defines a species as… Defines a species as… a population (s) whose members can potentially interbreed in nature to produce viable, fertile offspring, but who can’t produce viable, fertile offspring with members of other species a population (s) whose members can potentially interbreed in nature to produce viable, fertile offspring, but who can’t produce viable, fertile offspring with members of other species ??

4. Barriers leading to Biological Species: Barriers can be PREZYGOTIC PREZYGOTICorPOSTZYGOTIC You Try: Part 1

5. How New Species Can Form Examples?

6. Next: Studying the Resulting Diversity of Life! Taxonomy and the Prokaryotes Photo: Pete Owens

7. A Bit of Taxonomy…

8. Studying Diversity: Taxonomy Domain (Eukarya) Kingdom (Animalia) Phylum (Chordata) Class (Mammalia) Order (Primata) Genus (Homo) Species (sapiens)

9. Looking at the Prokaryotes

10. Where Did the First Life Come From? Spontaneous Generation?? Biogenesis? Photo: NIH

11. Step 1: Abiotic Synthesis of Organic Monomers Hey look! I’ve got amino acids, sugars, lipids and nucleotides in here!! Where Did the First Life Come From?

12. Step 2: Abiotic Synthesis of Polymers (like proteins and nucleic acids) Binding to clay particles may have helped facilitate this in the absence of enzymes! Where Did the First Life Come From?

13. Step 3: Origin of Self-Replication Molecules Where Did the First Life Come From?

14. Step 4: Formation of Pre-Cells (Protobionts) Where Did the First Life Come From?

15. What Did the First Life Look Like? Prokaryotes show up in the fossil record ~3.5 billion years ago!

16. Prokaryotes Today: Major Characteristics

17. They’re ubiquitous! How do we know that if they’re so small?!? You try: Part 2 Bacteria in a dental plague Bacteria on the surface of a contact lens. Prokaryotes Today: Major Characteristics

18. Two Major Groups: 1. Bacteria 2. Archaea (“Extremophiles”) (“Extremophiles”) Prokaryotes Today: Major Characteristics

19. Three Major Shapes/Morphologies: 1. Cocci 2. Bacilli 3. Spirochetes Prokaryotes Today: Major Characteristics

20. Nutritionally Diverse! May be: 1. Photoautotrophic 2. Chemoautotrophic 3. Photoheterotrophic 4. Chemoheterotrophic All of these terms describe how you get your energy (chemical or light source) and where you get your carbon compounds (make them yourself, or eat others!) Prokaryotes Today: Major Characteristics

21. Important as Disease Causing Agents! Many cause disease through the production of endotoxins or exotoxins Prokaryotes Today: Major Characteristics

22. Important as Nutrient Cyclers! Prokaryotes Today: Major Characteristics

23. Next Up: Evolution of the Protistans! What the heck is a Protist?!?

24. Evolution of the Protistans

25. Diversity of the Protistans 1. The Protozoans – animal like protists Single-celled, animal-like eukaryotes Single-celled, animal-like eukaryotes Free-living and parasitic in moist environments Free-living and parasitic in moist environments Can reproduce sexually or asexually Can reproduce sexually or asexually Some famous Protozoans: Giardia and Tyrpanosoma Some famous Protozoans: Giardia and Tyrpanosoma Giardia lamblia trophozoites, as they appear with the scanning electron microscope. Original image by Arturo Gonzalez, CINVESTAV, Mexico.

26. 2. The Slime Molds (Fungus-like Protists) Diversity of the Protistans

27. 3. The Unicellular Algae Most are components of phytoplankton (basis of food webs; global carbon sink!) Most are components of phytoplankton (basis of food webs; global carbon sink!) Diversity of the Protistans

28. Famous Single-Celled Algae: Red Tide, Pfiesteria The Protistans: The Single-Celled Algae Source: www.redtide.whoi.edu; www.pfeisteria.orgwww.redtide.whoi.edu

29. Diversity of the Protistans 4. The Multicellular Algae Three major groups: 1. Red Algae 2. Brown Algae 3. Green Algae You Try: Part 3

30. Next Up: Going Multicellular and Heading for Land! You Try: Part 4

31. Onto the Fungi: Major Characteristics HETEROTROPHIC HETEROTROPHIC (use organic compounds for energy) Can be SAPROBES (nutrients from nonliving organic matter) or PARASITES (extract nutrients from a living host) EXTRACELLULAR DIGESTION EXTRACELLULAR DIGESTION EUKARYOTIC EUKARYOTIC

32. The Fungi: General Layout

34. The Major Fungi Groups

35. The Zygomycetes Mycorrhizae Pilobolus- decomposes animal dung!

36. The Club Fungi (Basidiomycetes) Mushrooms, shelf fungi, puffballs and rusts Mushrooms, shelf fungi, puffballs and rusts Important decomposers of wood and plant material Important decomposers of wood and plant material Plant Pathogens! Plant Pathogens!

37. Fairy Rings WHY??

38. Lichens: A Fungal Lifestyle

40. Other Amazing Fungi Mycorrhizae Pilobolus-