1. I. What is intelligence? II. How is it tested? III. Controversies

2. Part I: Intelligence

3. Intelligence Intelligence should be universal
Exactly how intelligence is expressed will differ given the context.

4. History of Intelligence Testing

5. History of Intelligence Testing
(1600s) Francis Bacon - the scientific method

6. History of Intelligence Testing
(1600s) Francis Bacon - the scientific method
(1800s) Francis March “vulgar utilitarianism”

7. History of Intelligence Testing
(1600s) Francis Bacon - the scientific method
(1800s) Francis March “vulgar utilitarianism”
Francis March sat beside James Cattell

8. History of Intelligence Testing
James Cattell gets stoned, and then argues

9. History of Intelligence Testing
James Cattell gets stoned, and then argues
Cattell becomes a psychometrician

10. History of Intelligence Testing
James Cattell gets stoned, and then argues
Cattell becomes a psychometrician
At Cambridge falls in with Francis Galton

11. History of Intelligence Testing
James Cattell gets stoned, and then argues
Cattell becomes a psychometrician
At Cambridge falls in with Francis Galton
Francis Galton would later develop eugenics

12. History of Intelligence Testing
James Cattell gets stoned, and then argues
Cattell becomes a psychometrician
At Cambridge falls in with Francis Galton
Francis Galton would later develop eugenics
Cattell is now a professor at age 29

13. History of Intelligence Testing
Cattell coined ‘mental tests’
For example,
Bisection of a 50 cm line
Judgment of a 10 second time
Number of letters repeated

14. History of Intelligence Testing
1895 Cattell moves to Columbia U (NY)

15. History of Intelligence Testing
1895 Cattell moves to Columbia U (NY)
As president of the APA Cattell convenes a meeting

16. History of Intelligence Testing
1895 Cattell moves to Columbia U (NY)
As president of the APA Cattell convenes a meeting
recommends they test
senses,
motor capacity, and
mental processes

17. History of Intelligence Testing
1895 Cattell moves to Columbia U (NY)
As president of the APA Cattell convenes a meeting
recommends they test
senses,
motor capacity, and
mental processes
Back in France Binet emerges on the scene

18. History of Intelligence Testing
Spearman gives birth to the g/s factor theory

19. History of Intelligence Testing
Henry Goddard emerges, and in 1908 visits Binet

20. History of Intelligence Testing
Binet’s ideas of testing move away from labels

21. History of Intelligence Testing
Binet’s ideas of testing move away from labels
IQ = (Mental age/chronological age) *100
For example, (15/10) * 100 = 150

22. History of Intelligence Testing
Binet’s ideas of testing move away from labels
IQ = (Mental age/chronological age) *100
For example, (15/10) * 100 = 150
Ellis Island under Goddard
WWI recruits under Yerkes & Terman

23. History of Intelligence Testing
1920s -remember Cattell studied with Darwin’s cousin Galton

24. History of Intelligence Testing
1920s -remember Cattell studied with Darwin’s cousin Galton
Terman argued that the correlation between test scores and social status pointed to heredity of intelligence

25. History of Intelligence Testing
1920s -remember Cattell studied with Darwin’s cousin Galton
Terman argued that the correlation between test scores and social status pointed to heredity of intelligence
Terman would work with Thorndike
Dewey argues that these tests measure a social construction

26. History Leads to Theory
Thurstone’s work would lead to the recognition that there are 7-9 mental abilities

27. History Leads to Theory
Horn, student of Cattell, brings together work in the field and devises the
Cattell-Horn Theory

28. History Leads to Theory
Horn, student of Cattell, brings together work in the field and devises the
Cattell-Horn Theory
Modern theory rests on the idea that intelligence can be found by analyzing inter-correlations of scores on mental ability tests

30. History Leads to Theory
Meanwhile distinct factor analytic work by Carroll has led to

31. CARROLL’S (1993) THREE-STRATUM THEORY OF COGNITIVE ABILITIES
General
Intelligence
(Stratum III)
General
(Carroll, 1993, 1997) Gf Gc Gy Gv Gu Gr Gs Gt
(Stratum II)
Broad
Processing
Speed (RT
Decision
Speed)
General
Memory &
Learning
Broad
Visual
Perception
Broad
Auditory
Perception
Broad
Retrieval
Ability
Broad
Cognitive
Speediness
Fluid
Intelligence
Crystallized
Intelligence
(Stratum I)
Narrow
69+ narrow abilities found in data sets analyzed by Carroll
© Institute for Applied Psychometrics, llc K McGrew

32. Intelligence Theory Meets Practice
1985 Richard Woodcock hears about the theory
1989 The Great Gathering
This leads to factor analytic studies of the WJ

33. Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences
Linguistic
Logical-mathematical
Spatial
Musical
Bodily-Kinesthetic
Interpersonal
Intrapersonal
Naturalist

34. Part II: Testing Intelligence

35. Individual Tests of Intelligence
Stanford-Binet
Wechsler Scales
Kaufman Scales
Woodcock Johnson

36. Wechsler Scales Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale
WAIS, WAIS-R, WAIS-III
Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children
WISC, WISC-R, WISC-III, WISC-IV
Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence (WPPSI)

37. Subscales of the WISC-III
Verbal
Information
Similarities
Arithmetic
Vocabulary
Comprehension
Digit Span
Performance
Picture Completion
Picture Arrangement
Symbol Search
Object Assembly
Coding
Mazes

39. Part III: Controversies

40. Testing Issues Inadequate sample of each domain
Limited (nonspecific) treatment or instruction implications

41. Thurstone
Binet
Terman
Yerkes
Horn
Wechsler
Cattell
Gardner

42. Bell Curve Assertions IQ tests are not biased against minority groups.
A significant fraction of the individual differences in IQ scores is explained by genetics (40-60%).
African-Americans score significantly lower than White-Americans on IQ tests (12-15 points).

43. Gould Debunks the Bell Curve
“The authors omit facts, misuse statistical methods, and seem unwilling to admit the consequences of their own words.”
“Nothing angered me more than the authors’ failure to supply any justification for their central claim that the number known as g captures a real property in the head.”

44. Bigger Questions
Are intelligence tests useful? If so, for what? If not, why not?
Are intelligence tests biased?
What are the positive and negative social consequences of using intelligence tests?
What are the alternatives?

45. APA Consensus Statement
It is widely agreed that standardized tests do not sample all forms of intelligence.
Environmental factors contribute substantially to the development of intelligence, but it is not clearly understood what those factors are or how they work.

46. The Flynn Effect
Across 14 nations, 5-25 point increase in IQ within one generation
90% of those born 100 years ago would score at the 5th percentile of current norms
Are we really getting smarter?