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Chapter 10: Urbanization

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1 Chapter 10: Urbanization

2 Lesson 1: Land Use and Urbanization

3 Land Cover and Land Use Land cover influences land use and humans change both when they build urban areas. Land cover refers to the vegetation and manufactured structures that cover land Ex: tree, crops, building, pavement, and water Human activities that occur on land and are directly related to the land are called land use. Ex: farming, mining, residential development, and recreation

4 The land cover of an area may change as people settle there and begin to use the land
Land cover scientists observe land cover and monitor how – and how rapidly – land cover changes. Also study economic impacts, effect on water quality, invasive species, habitat loss, biodiversity loss, and climate change as they affect land cover.

5 Urban area is a category of land cover and land use that is mostly developed land covered mainly with buildings and roads that has a human population of 2500 or more. Any other type of land use or land cover is considered rural area

6 Urbanization Urbanization occurs when people move out of rural areas toward areas with more or better jobs. There have been cities throughout history, but today’s cities are much larger. More than 20 cities worldwide have more than 10 million residents.

7 Since 1950, the world’s urban population has more than quadrupled.
Urban populations are growing because the overall human population is growing, and because more people are moving from farms to cities than are moving from cities to farms. This shift of population from the countryside to urban areas is called urbanization. Began hundreds of years ago, around the time of the Industrial Revolution.

8 Location is essential to the growth of an urban area
A moderate climate, central geography, and ease of transportation all help a small town grow into a large city

9

10 Urban Environmental Impacts
Cities have both negative and positive impacts on the environment. The type of impact depends on how we use resources, produce goods, transport materials, and deal with waste.

11 Pollution Urban areas export wastes, passively through pollution, or they export wastes actively through trade such as paying another area to take their garbage. Transfer the environmental costs of their activities to another region

12 Urban residents are exposed to heavy metals, chemical byproducts of industrial processes, and chemicals from motor-vehicle engines and manufactured products. Airborne pollutants can cause smog and acid precipitation

13 Noise pollution consists of undesired background noise
Light pollution describes the way that city lights brighten the night sky, obscuring stars and planets

14 Heat Islands Infrastructure is made up of the facilities, services, and installations needed for the functioning of a community Ex: transportation, communication systems, water, power, and schools The building of infrastructure makes surfaces that were moist and permeable (ground) into dry and impermeable surfaces (pavement) which causes a heat island.

15 A heat island is an area in which the temperature is several degrees higher than that of the surrounding area. Affects local weather Collect polluting substances over a city

16 Imported Resources Cities have to import nearly all the resources their residents and business owners need from areas outside the city. Long-distance transportation of resources and goods to and from urban areas requires a great deal of fossil fuel, but if people were evenly scattered it would probably require more fossil fuel to allow people the same access to resources and goods.

17 Efficiency People in a city live close together, which reduces the amount of fuel and other resources needed to deliver resources and goods. The high population density of cities allows for the efficient distribution of many services – healthcare, education, power, and public transportation.

18 Ecological Footprints
The average urban resident has a larger ecological footprint than the average rural resident. The education and research centers present in urban areas can lead to ideas that reduce negative environmental impacts.

19 Land Preservation Because people are packed densely together in cities, more land outside cities is left undeveloped. This allows for land to be used for agriculture, wilderness, biodiversity, and privacy.

20 Lesson 2: Sprawl

21 How Sprawl Occurs As people move from cities to suburbs, population growth and increased land consumption per capita contribute to sprawl. Sprawl = the spread of low-density urban or suburban development outward from an urban center.

22 Two primary factors contribute to sprawl
Population growth Increased per capita land consumption – each person is living on more land The prime reason per capita land consumption has increased is that most people like having some space and privacy and dislike congestion. Highways and telecommunications allow workers greater flexibility to live farther from jobs.

23 Patterns of Sprawl Uncentered commercial (strip) development – businesses are arranged in a long strip along a roadway, with no central community. Low-density single-use residential development – homes are located on large lots in residential areas far from businesses

24 Scattered (or leapfrog) development – residential developments are built far from a city center and are not integrated with one another Sparse street network – roads are far enough apart that areas remain undeveloped, but not far enough apart for these areas to function as natural areas or recreational areas

25 Sprawl sparse street network

26 Scattered development
Sprawl Scattered development

27 Sprawl Strip development

28 Low-density development
Sprawl Low-density development

29 Sprawl Strip development

30 Scattered development
Sprawl Scattered development

31 Sprawl sparse street network

32 Low-density development
Sprawl Low-density development

33 Sprawl Strip development

34 Low-density development
Sprawl Low-density development

35 Motor oil and road salt also pose risks to ecosystems and human health
Impacts of Sprawl Sprawl affects the transportation, pollution, public health, land use, and economics of an area. Most studies show that sprawl limits transportation options, forcing people to buy and drive their own cars. Results in more accidents, and greater use of fossil fuels Increased carbon dioxide emissions from vehicles contribute to air pollution and global climate change. Motor oil and road salt also pose risks to ecosystems and human health

36 Some research suggests that sprawl promotes physical inactivity (driving instead of walking or biking), resulting in obesity and high blood pressure. More land is used for buildings and roads while less is left as forests, fields, farmland, or ranchland. When people move out of city center, their real-estate taxes no longer contribute to the infrastructure of the city, but go instead to building new infrastructure outside the city.

37 Lesson 3: Sustainable Cities

38 City Planning City planners use many tools in the attempt to make urban areas more livable. City planning is the attempt to design cities so as to maximize their functionality and beauty. Grew in importance throughout the 1900s as urban populations grew beyond the available jobs and wealthier residents fled to the suburbs.

39 A geographic information system (GIS) is a computerized system for storing, manipulating, and viewing geographical data. Can layer multiple maps so city planners can see a combined map with all the different types of information – roads, parks, bodies of water, etc.

40 One way that planners put their decisions into practice is through zoning, the practice of classifying areas for different types of development and land use. Controls what can be built where Involves a government restriction on the use of private land and limits personal property rights

41 An urban growth boundary (UGB) is a line that city planners draw on a map to separate urban areas from areas the city would prefer remain rural. Goals = concentrating development, preventing sprawl, and preserving orchards, ranches, forests, and working farms. Promotes building up, not out

42 Smart growth is a philosophy of urban growth that focuses on economic and environmental approaches that lead to sustainable growth and the avoidance of sprawl. Aims to maintain open spaces by developing and revitalizing existing urban areas, waterfronts, and former industrial sites – redevelopment.

43 “New Urbanism” approach seeks to design neighborhoods with homes, businesses, and schools close together, so that most of a person’s needs can be met without driving. Usually near public transit systems Mimic the urban neighborhoods that existed before suburbs became popular

44 Transportation Options
Transportation options are vital to livable cities. As long as an urban area has been planned in a way that can support mass transit and is large enough to support the infrastructure, mass transit is cheaper, more energy-efficient, and cleaner than roadways filled with cars.

45 To encourage mass transit and discourage urban car use, city governments can raise fuel taxes, tax fuel-inefficient modes of transportation, reward carpoolers with carpool lanes, and encourage bicycle use and bus riding. The most used train systems are the extensive heavy rail systems in America’s largest cities, such as New York’s subways; Washington, D.C.’s Metro; the T in Boston; and the San Francisco area’s BART, each of which carries more than one fourth of each city’s daily commuters.

46 Parks and open space are key elements of livable cities.
Natural lands, public parks, and open space provide greenery, scenic beauty, freedom of movement, and places for recreation. Also keep ecological processes functioning by regulating climate, producing oxygen, filtering air and water pollutants, and providing habitat for wildlife.

47 In urban America around the late 1800s politicians and citizens alike began to desire ways to make their crowded and dirty cities more livable. U.S. cities began to establish public parks. Ecological restoration is the practice of restoring native communities Even small spaces can make a big difference – playgrounds for children to be active, community gardens where people can grow vegetables and flowers in urban settings.

48 Greenways are strips of vegetated open space that connect parks or neighborhoods
Help protect water quality Increase property value Serve as corridors between habitats for wildlife Decrease habitat fragmentation

49 Green Building Design The goal of a green building is to save energy and other resources without sacrificing people’s comfort. Sustainable architecture has been successful in residences, and commercial and industrial buildings all over the world.

50 Urban Sustainability Successes
There has been promising progress toward urban sustainability. Curitiba, Brazil Has a high efficient and well-used bus transit networks, job training for the poor, and free healthcare

51 New York City PlaNYC 2030 is a 127-item program that aims to reduce energy use and greenhouse gas emissions, improve mass transit, plant trees, clean up polluted lands and rivers, and improve access to parks and greenways. Has made significant progress since 2007


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