1. The Holocaust and the end of WWII

2. The Holocaust, 1941-45 “The Final Solution” Until 1941, Hitler and Nazis did not agree on what to do with Jews Emigration Madagascar TURNING POINT: June 1941, Operation Barbarossa Einsatzgruppen: “Mobile Killing Groups” or “Single-task groups” Jews Communists Gypsies Poles

3. Einsatzgruppen, 1941-42

4. Final Solution (cont.) The ghettos were already sealed (1940) Poison gas vans tested the use of gas Auschwitz-Birkenau Systematic annihilation of Jews and Gypsies 1942–1944: one million killed Anonymous slaughter People were tortured, beaten, and executed publicly

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8. Auschwitz-Birkenau What is it?

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10. Who did this? Reserve Police Battalion 101 from Hamburg Ordinary Germans obeying orders July 1942-Nov. 1943: killed more than 38,000 Jews deported 45,000 others.

11. Who knew? Extermination involved the knowledge and cooperation of many not directly involved in killing. Most who suspected the worst were terrified and powerless. Many Europeans believed “the Jews” were a problem that needed “solving”. Nazis tried to conceal the death camps. What of other governments? Vichy France required Jews to wear special identification. Italians participated less actively. Hungarian government dragged its feet.

12. Resistance? Little resistance seemed to be possible Rebellions at Sobibor, Auschwitz and Treblinka Warsaw ghetto uprising (1943) 80 percent of the residents had been deported Small Jewish underground movement 56,000 Jews were killed

13. Death Camps Camp nameKilled Auschwitz II 1,000,000 Belzec 600,000 Chełmno 320,000 Jasenovac 58–97,000 Majdanek 360,000 Maly Trostinets 65,000 Sobibór 250,000 Treblinka 870,000

14. Overall human costs 5.1-6.0 million Jews –800,000 in Ghettos –1,400,000 in open-air shootings –2,900,000 in camps 1.8-2.0 million Poles 2-3 million Soviet POWS 200,000 Roma & Sinti 20,000-25,000Slovenes 270,000 people with disabilities 10,000-15,000 gay men 2,500-5000 Jehovah's Witnesses

15. Near obliteration of Jewish culture

16. Near obliteration of Jewish culture (e.g. Beliec)

17. Beliec’s absence