1. © GEO Secretariat Virtual Constellations

2. © GEO Secretariat Background and Context It might best be described as a new process designed –To enhance effective planning and development of future Earth observing systems by maximizing advantages of international collaboration without eroding the independence of individual agencies. –To increase the effectiveness with which international assets, including both space and ground segments, can be brought to bear on scientific problems and to meet a wide range of societal needs. Fundamental concept is to extract clear requirements from target user communities and translate those requirements into “standards,” which can serve as guidance in the development of future systems and against which future proposed Earth observing systems can be assessed. Constellations concept is new and still evolving.

3. © GEO Secretariat Planning Process for Space The objective of the Virtual Constellations is to ensure the availability of optimum systems in space producing the requisite data and information to sustain support for GEO Societal Benefit Areas by Earth Observation Systems through: –Optimising complementarity and avoiding overlap and duplication between space systems –Safeguarding gapless observation and information provision with the necessary redundancy and optimising temporal, spatial and spectral coverage –Integration of data and information from different observing systems

4. © GEO Secretariat Approach to define a Virtual Constellation Challenges to be overcome through GEO: Technical interoperability, data quality, -formats, -merging, -timely availability and compatibility, -access and dissemination, -storage The implementation of a GEO sharing principles resulting in principle in worldwide open access (i.e. Data sets could be available only to certain SBA’s and/or to certain User). Virtual Constellation – development approach The approach to define the type and number of virtual constellations should enable the implementation of GEOSS requirements in the most flexible and effective way. Virtual constellations may therefore address : 1.Themes and associated Communities, like the CEOS proposed Ocean Surface Topography, Precipitation and Atmospheric Chemistry, Land Imaging 2.“Intermediate and final products”, e.g. the Global Land Cover and DEMs, as proposed in the GEO Work Plan, 3.Specific SBA, like what is proposed in the GEO Work Plan for Risk Management, Weather, Climate, ….. etc.

5. © GEO Secretariat Expanding Virtual Constellation Concept A classification which can be applied to Constellations: interim constellation: available today or very soon, and where coordination concentrates on the use, access to and distribution of existing data and products; medium-term constellation: feasible within a few years, where coordination extends to product specification and interoperability; and long-term: achievable within ten or so years after original constellation concept is agreed, where coordination starts from mission definition.

6. © GEO Secretariat The 4 Prototype CEOS Constellations Land Surface Imaging –Lead: Bryan Bailey (USGS) Ocean Surface Topography –Lead: Stan Wilson (NOAA) & Francois Parisot (EUMETSAT) Atmospheric Composition –Lead: Ernie Hilsenrath (NASA) Precipitation –Lead: Riko Oki (JAXA) & Steve Neeck (NASA) Future candidates for Constellations under preparation to address Risk management and an Ocean Colour

7. © GEO Secretariat GEOSS conceptual architecture SatellitesIn situ, airborne Satellite Imagery (level 1) Sensor webs Sat derivedIn situ derived Integrated intermediate products Multi-user intermediate products Interoperable catalogues Observing Systems Data Mgmt System

8. © GEO Secretariat TERRA LANDSAT SPOT ALOS RESOURCESAT IRS CBERS A Potential Real Prototype Land Surface Imaging Constellation SAC-C

9. © GEO Secretariat Way forward in 2007 4 Prototypes Constellation Target of September 2007 for Study Reports Intensive study work Jan–Sep 2007 –Study Leads (and participants) require resources approved by their Principals to achieve the necessary rate of progress –Leads are driving the process in each case –Review in June ‘07 will assess progress and ensure any necessary course corrections to conclude the Reports and define the deliverables to the GEO Ministerial Summit

10. © GEO Secretariat GEODEM

11. © GEO Secretariat 90 m30 m Comparison courtesy of V. Gorokhovich, CIESIN The availability of a high resolution Digital Elevation Model DEM is of high relevance to all GEO SBAs. Where different DEMs are integrated/used they have to be interoperable.

12. © GEO Secretariat The GEO Tasks: DA-06-01 on GEO Data Sharing Principles (SRTM=Test scenario), DA-07-01 on Global Digital Elevation Models Interoperability and DI-06-07 on Multi-Hazard Zonation and Maps address the global availability of a high resolution Digital Elevation Model, which would be of high value for use in all SBAs. Such global DEM has been requested by the Community for a long time. Main challenges to be overcome are: Technical – resource requirements for processing and value adding (e.d. watersheds, geographical information) Political – strategic issues, release restrictions for security reasons Global Digital Elevation Model at high spatial resolution

13. © GEO Secretariat Mt.Rainier An example :Mt. Rainier Area Elevation: 4,392 m Geographic Boundaries N46W122 ASTGTM SRTM1 Peak Elevation 4,386 m 100 same path mosaic obtained No hole for ASTGTM 50 m Contours

14. © GEO Secretariat GEOCOLOUR

15. © GEO Secretariat Extension of a European Network globally through GEO

16. © GEO Secretariat Objectives Satisfy emerging demand for validated merged satellite sensor ocean colour derived information Demonstrate the current state of the art in merging together data streams from different ocean-colour sensors:  MERIS, SeaWifs, MODIS-AQUA, POLDER-Parasol Provide a long time-series (10 years) of ocean-colour information Put in place the capacity to continue production of such time series in the future Demonstrate a global NRT ocean-colour service based on merged satellite data Through GEO: Extend the initiative by including more Ocean Colour Sensor Establish a Network of Global producers of Level-3 datasets Establish a global information distribution mechanism Context  ESA DUE project i.e. driven by end users: IOCCG, IOCCP, UK Met-Office Backgroud GEOCOLOUR

17. © GEO Secretariat The GlobCOLOUR products The parameters The spatial and temporal coverages The merging methods The ISIN grid

18. © GEO Secretariat GeoColour Current GlobColour project (www.globcolour.info) is producing a 10 year time series of merged (MERIS, MODIS and SeaWiFS) ocean colour products and then a near real time service for its continued production during 1 pilot year. An extension is forseen to be within the GMES fast track Marine Core Service as an ocean colour thematic assembly centre with a special focus on pan- European Seas.www.globcolour.info Current products: Fully normalised water leaving radiances (Lxxx); Chlorophyll-a; Coloured dissolved and detrital organic materials (CDM); Diffuse attenuation coefficient Kd(490); Particulate back- scattering coefficient (bbp) and Total Suspended Matter (TSM); Relative excess of radiance at 555 nm (EL555); Aerosol optical thickness over water (T865); Cloud Fraction (CF)

19. © GEO Secretariat GeoColour GeoColour extension: - increase in polar orbiting ocean colour usage to include missions such as Oceansat (Indian) and S-GLI (Japan). Currently this data can be difficult to access. - extension to non-global missions (e.g. geostationary) and historical data e.g. OCTS - production of level 3 (unmerged) globally binned data from additional sensors in the regional organisations, then global merging at specialist centre(s)

20. © GEO Secretariat GeoColour GeoColour extension: - production of coastal resolution (improving upon GlobColour, is 4.63km) products with data merged locally. Regional algorithms could also be applied to the merged radiances. - extension of Diagnostic Data Set (DDS) production. In GlobColour these are produced for areas of interest and then used for both sensor characterisation/validation and ease of use by end users (global files are large and cumbersome). - Sharing of in-situ data for sensor characterisation and product validation. - All products would continue to be freely available and distribution would include netCDF data files and Google files for browsing. - Production would be in near real time and so particulary useful to the modelling and operational communities.

21. © GEO Secretariat GlobCOLOUR products Global ocean colour data set at 4.6 km resolution covering 1997-2006 daily, weekly, monthly products:  Chlorophyll-a concentration (Chla)   Diffuse attenuation coefficient (in-water) (Kd)   Fully normalised water leaving radiances (available bands)   Coloured dissolved and detrital organic materials (CDM)   Total suspended matter (TSM) or particulate backscattering coefficient (b bp )   Aerosol optical thickness (AOT@865nm) AOT@865nm  Data quality flags   Cloud fraction   Excess of radiance at ~ 555 nm (turbidity index) (EL555)   Error estimates per pixel for each layer all of these data layers are available for both case 1 & case 2 waters; some of them are not official New potential : PAR, euphotic layer, Secchi disk depth, heated layer..

22. © GEO Secretariat Prominent Example DA-06-03 Next Step: Link to GHRSST? Sea Surface Temperature Mediterranean Sea in September 2005 The Medspiration project combines SST data measured independently by different satellites, including Envisat AATSR, into a set of products that represent the best measure of SST, presented in a form that can be assimilated into numerical ocean forecasting models. http://www.medspiration.org

23. © GEO Secretariat HARON

24. © GEO Secretariat Hydrological Applications and Run – Off Network initial phase: upgrade and sustained maintenance of major global run-off stations monitoring continental freshwater fluxes into the world’s oceans 2 nd Phase: Combining hydro-meteorological and related in-situ components with satellite observations 3 rd Phase: Produce an implementation plan for a broad global water cycle data integration system that combines in-situ, satellite data and model outputs A project is proposed aiming to restore an existing Hydrological stations network The main purpose of the initiative is to improve and support the closure of the global water budget in line with objectives of WMO, IGWCO, GCOS and GEWEX and to support water resources management also in the context of food security HARON

25. © GEO Secretariat HARON – Phase 1 The first Phase is dedicated to upgrade and (re-) connect the 380 major global river discharge stations part of the Global Terrestrial Network for river discharge (GTN-R). The up-stream position of these stations (up to 600 km) ensures independence of gauge measurements from tidal effects. This would encompass technical upgrade of the stations, ensuring maintenance and operations over the first three years including commitment of national organizations to operate the station(s) and share data in agreed format and temporal sampling for the Global Runoff Data Centre (GRDC).

26. © GEO Secretariat Proposed river discharge baseline network (GTN-R; 380 stations) HARON – Phase 1

27. © GEO Secretariat HARON – Phase 2 Phase 2 priorities: Link the global network to basin-wide hydrological information systems, primarily of international river basins relating to the regional Hydrological Cycle Observation Systems in the context of WMO’s WHYCOS Programme. Link the in-situ water-level observations of the HARON 1 st phase with remote sensing info such as Radar Altimetry and space-borne gravity data. Spatially expanded runoff products can then be made available for hind- casting, calibration of hydrometeorological models, water balance estimates and early warning purposes (i.e. the onset of drought) resulting in information provision and services relevant for ecosystem assessment, energy management, agriculture etc. Phase 2 timely with the International Hydrological Database on Lakes and Reservoirs (HYDROLARE) becoming operational for monitoring volumetric changes, inflow and outflow of major lakes and reservoirs.

28. © GEO Secretariat THE RIVER AND LAKE MASK OVER AFRICA Red indicates area where NRT products are currently generated Blue indicates area where products may be generated in the future.