1. Communities and Competition Chapter 36-37

2. Defenses against Predation Coevolution –reciprocal evolutionary adaptations occur in two or more different species –Changes in one act as selective pressures on the other(s) Symbiosis –Parisitism –Mutualism –Commensalism –Predation

3. Benefits of Types of Symbiosis host prey

4. Symbiosis Examples Mutualism - lichen (algae + fungus) Parasitism - leech Predation - carnivore + prey Commensalism - “hitchhikers”

5. Competition Interference competition - actual combat for resources Exploitative competition - successful consumption of resources (usually excluding other species) –Competitive exclusion

6. Ecological Niche Habitat - geographical place where an organism lives Niche - role fulfilled by the organism in the community –Producer –Consumer Herbivore Carnivore Detritivore

7. Ecological Niche Fig. 36.2 p. 717 Dispersion/density Morphological differences Competition

8. Ecological Niche Possible outcomes of Competition between Species in Identical Niche: Less competitive species is driven to local extinction One species may evolve via natural selection to use different resources.

9. Adaptive Radiation Emergence of numerous species from a common ancestor introduced to a new and diverse environment. –Think Darwin’s finches. Species’ adaptations to its environment.

11. Adaptive Radiation / Evolution Picture #1 = Flying Squirrel Picture #2 = Sugar glider

12. Picture #3 = Tarsier Picture #4 = Giraffe

13. Ecological Succession = Changes in species composition over time. Primary succession - first life species –After a volcano, e.g. Secondary succession - successive changes Climax community - stable –End in a series of successive changes –Biomes

14. Ecosystems Definition - unit in nature where there is autotroph/heterotroph interaction… Trophic Level = feeding relationships amongst various species within a community. Determines the passage of energy and nutrients.

15. herbivores Autotrophs Hetero- trophs 1st level carnivores 2nd level carnivores 3rd level carnivores Trophic Levels: Food Chains

16. Trophic Levels: Food Webs herbivores Autotrophs Hetero- trophs carnivores

17. Matter and Energy Matter cyclesEnergy flows

18. Pyramid of Biomass

19. Pyramid of Energy

20. Pyramid of Size (of an individual)