1. Figure 31.0x Decomposers

2. Figure 31.1 Fungal mycelia

3. Figure 31.2 Examples of fungal hyphae

4. Figure 31.2x Septate hyphae (left) and nonseptate hyphae (right)

5. Figure 31.3 Generalized life cycle of fungi (Layer 3)

6. Diplomonads Parabasalids Kinetoplastids Euglenids Dinoflagellates Apicomplexans Ciliates Oomycetes Diatoms Golden algae Brown algae Chlorarachniophytes Foraminiferans Radiolarians Gymnamoebas Entamoebas Plasmodial slime molds Cellular slime molds Fungi Choanoflagellates Metazoans Red algae Chlorophytes Charophyceans Plants Ancestral eukaryote Chlorophyta Plantae Rhodophyta Animalia Fungi (Opisthokonta) (Archaeplastida) Diplomonadida Parabasala Euglenozoa Alveolata Stramenopila Cercozoa Radiolaria Amoebozoa

7. Chytrids Zygote fungi Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi Sac fungi Club fungi Chytridiomycota Zygomycota Glomeromycota Ascomycota Basidiomycota

8. Figure 31.5 Chytridiomycota (chytrids)

9. 0.5 mm

10. Figure 31.7 The life cycle of the zygomycete Rhizopus (black bread mold)

11. 2.5  m

12. Figure 31.9 Ascomycetes (sac fungi): Scarlet cup (top left), truffles (bottom left), morel (right)

13. Figure 31.10 The life cycle of an ascomycete

14. Figure 31.11 Basidiomycetes (club fungi): Greville's bolete (top left), turkey tail (bottom left), stinkhorn (right)

15. Figure 31.12 The life cycle of a mushroom-forming basidiomycete

16. Figure 31.12x Gills

18. Figure 31.16 Lichens

19. Figure 31.17 Anatomy of a lichen

20. Figure 31.18 Mycorrhizae

21. (a) Corn smut on corn (b) Tar spot fungus on maple leaves (c) Ergots on rye