1. Tsunamis!

3. Tsunamis Caused by vertical displacement of water Seismic sea waves Not tidal waves, not caused by wind Appear small in the open ocean Grow in size in shallow water –Can easily reach 15 m in height Can travel ~1000 km/hr

5. Tsunami Waves Long periods (p) and wavelengths (wl) –Wind-waves: p = 10 min, wl = 150 m –Tsumanis: P = 1 hr, wl = 100 km –Waves have a trough and a crest Appear small in the open ocean Grow in size in shallow water –Can reach >15 m in height Travel ~1000 km/hr Can travel around the world quickly

6. Tsunami Travel Times to Hawaii Source: After U.S. Geological Survey.

7. Tsunami Damage in Kodiak, Alaska Source:Photograph courtesy of National Geophysical Data Center.

9. Tsunamis Early warning systems Pacific: –Established in 1948, 2 years after Hawaii was hit by a tsunami Atlantic –Can easily reach 15 m in height Indian Ocean –No early warning system until 2005

10. Source: http://www.prh.noaa.gov/pr/ptwc/bulletins.htm

11. Indonesia, Dec. 2004

12. http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/thailand/images/ik_crisp_khao_lak_10.jpg

17. Source: http://homepage.mac.com/demark/tsunami/

19. Alternative causes Oceanic volcanoes –Collapse of part of the volcano Landslides –Mass Meteorite Impacts –High energy impact from space

20. Alaska, 1958

21. Puerto Rico, 1918 Earthquake: 7.5 Source: http://www.usc.edu/dept/tsunamis/caribbean/webpages/index.html

22. Death toll: 116 Tsunami (40) Aquadilla (32) Source: http://www.usc.edu/dept/tsunamis/caribbean/webpages/index.html