1. Air Toxics

2. 2 What are Air Toxics? Toxic chemicals Cause serious health effects such as cancer

3. 3 How many are there? Hundreds of different chemicals In 1990 CAA, Congress listed 189 Two later removed from list 187 remain www.epa.gov/ttn/atw/pollutants/atwsmod.ht ml

4. 4 Examples of Air Toxics Asbestos Benzene Formaldehyde Mercury Perchloroethylene (Perc) Vinyl chloride

5. 5 Major Sources  Large sources Chemical plants Coke ovens Coal-burning power plants Refineries More than 10 tpy of one air toxic More than 25 tpy of combination of air toxics

6. 6 Area Sources Small sources Vehicles Gas stations Auto body shops Print shops Dry cleaners Surface coating operations

7. 7 Indoor Sources Cigarettes Woodstove: trash, treated wood Indoor storage: fuel, paint, pesticides Attached garage: exhaust, fuel, fumes

8. 8 Indoor Sources (cont.) Household products Clorox (chlorine) Solvents Mercury thermometers (if broken) CFLs (if broken)

9. 9 Indoor Sources (cont.) Building materials/furnishings Bleached fabrics (dioxins) Pressed wood (formaldehyde) New carpet Paint Glues

10. 10 Health Effects of Air Toxics Cancer Neurological problems Reproductive problems Birth defects

11. 11 Environmental Effects Soils Water Bioaccumulation

12. 12 Greatest Risk Near industrial facilities Heavily polluted urban corridors Subsistence hunting and fishing Where air toxics bioaccumulate

13. 13 Emission Standards Health-based in 1970 Clean Air Act Not implemented Disagreement about regulating carcinogens Technology-based in 1990 CAA

14. 14 Regulation of Air Toxics By source category Regulate major sources first Maximum Achievable Control Technology (MACT) Pollution prevention Emission controls 96 MACT Rules

15. 15 Six MACT Rules in 2011 Marine tank vessel loading Pharmaceuticals Printing & publishing Polymers & resins Chromium electroplating Steel pickling

16. 16 CAA Provisions Must consider cancer risk People within 5 km of source Must review MACT rules 8 years after implementation Residual Risk Review Technology Review Must consider cost

17. 17 Summary 187 Air Toxics Major vs. Area sources Indoor sources Health & environmental effects MACT