1. Organic Chemistry The study of carbon-containing compounds and their properties. The vast majority of organic compounds contain chains or rings of carbon atoms.

7.  Bonds

8. Hydrocarbons... compounds composed of carbon and hydrogen. SaturatedSaturated: carbon-carbon bonds are all single - alkanes [C n H 2n+2 ]

9. Hydrocarbons (continued) UnsaturatedUnsaturated: contains carbon-carbon multiple bonds.

10. Types of Hydrocarbons

14. Rules for Naming Alkanes 1.For alkanes beyond butane, add -ane to the Greek root for the number of carbons. C-C-C-C-C-C = hexane 2.Alkyl substituents: drop the -ane and add -yl. -C 2 H 5 is ethyl

15. Rules for Naming Alkanes 3.Positions of substituent groups are specified by numbering the longest chain sequentially. C  C-C-C-C-C-C 3-methylhexane 4.Location and name are followed by root alkane name. Substituents in alphabetical order and use di-, tri-, etc.

17. Alkanes

18. Hydrocarbons

19. Cyclic Alkanes Carbon atoms can form rings containing only carbon-carbon single bonds. C 3 H 6, C 4 H 8, C 6 H 12

21. Alkenes and Alkynes Alkenes: hydrocarbons that contain a carbon- carbon double bond. [C n H 2n ] C  C=C propene Alkynes: hydrocarbons containing a carbon- carbon triple bond. C  C  C  C  C 2-pentyne

22. Nomenclature for Alkenes 1.Root hydrocarbon name ends in -ene C 2 H 4 is ethene 2.With more than 3 carbons, double bond is indicated by the lowest numbered carbon atom in the bond. C=C  C  C is 1-butene

23. Aromatic Compounds

24. Refinery Processes Cracking: large molecules broken down to smaller ones by breaking carbon-carbon bonds. Pyrolysis (thermal cracking): The process that produces cracking at high temperatures. Catalytic Cracking: Cracking at lower temperatures. Catalytic reforming: Alkanes and cycloalkanes converted to aromatic compounds.

26. Reactions and Functional Groups A special class of cyclic unsaturated hydrocarbons. + Cl 2 + HCl benzeneChlorobenzene

27. The Common Functional Groups ClassGeneral Formula HalohydrocarbonsR  X AlcoholsR  OH EthersR  O  R Aldehydes

28. The Common Functional Groups ClassGeneral Formula Ketones Carboxylic Acids Esters AminesR  NH 2

29. Functional Groups

31. Naming

32. Naming

33. Naming

34. Naming

35. Naming

36. Naming

38. Polymers...are large, usually chainlike molecules that are built from small molecules called monomers. MonomerPolymer EthylenePolyethylene Vinyl chloridePolyvinyl chloride TetrafluoroethyleneTeflon

39. Types of Polymerization Addition Polymerization: monomers “add together” to form the polymer, with no other products. (Teflon) Condensation Polymerization: A small molecule, such as water, is formed for each extension of the polymer chain. (Nylon)

40. Enantiomers

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