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Organic Chemistry & Acids/Bases
Welcome To The GowerHour
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I. Polymers I. Polymers: A polymer is a compound with a repeating unit, called a ___________, and contains a ______ molar mass. Types of Polymers Natural polymers: Rubber (______________) Biological compounds: (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) Synthetic polymers: (a) (b) (c) (d) monomer high polyisoprene Proteins Nucleic acids (DNA & RNA) Cellulose Starch Nylon Polyester PVC Plexiglass
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B. Reaction Types Addition reaction: One molecule _____ to another molecule. Monomer: _________ Example: Polyethylene adds ethylene H C C C C C C
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Addition Reaction Monomer: _____________ Example: Polyvinyl chloride (____) Vinyl chloride H Cl C PVC C Cl C Cl C Cl C Cl C Cl
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The simple repeating unit of a polymer is the monomer.
Homopolymer is a polymer made up of only one type of monomer ( CF2 CF2 )n Teflon ( CH2 CH2 )n Polyethylene ( CH2 CH )n Cl PVC
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Condensation reactions: A ____ molecule is formed in the reaction.
Amine group (amino): Carboxylic acid group (carboxyl): Example: Polyester H2O N H ·· NH2 or O ·· C H COOH or O ·· C H + H O CH2 OH H2O Dehydration synthesis vs Hydrolysis O ·· C H CH2 OH ester ester
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Example: Proteins (Alanine + Glycine)
H2N C C OH + H2N C C OH H CH3 O Peptide bond R group H2O (Dehydration Synthesis) H2N C C N C C OH + H2O H CH3 O
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Amino acids are the basic structural units of proteins
Amino acids are the basic structural units of proteins. An amino acid is a compound that contains at least one amino group (-NH2) and at least one carboxyl group (-COOH) Peptide bond = _______ group : ______________ dipeptide = ___ amino acids tripeptide = ___ amino acids polypeptide = ______ amino acids = _______ amide carboxyl group 2 3 many protein
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Example: Glycogen, cellulose, and starch (Polysaccharides)
Monomer: _________ glucose Complex carbohydrates C O CH2OH HO OH or
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Glycogen: Animals store energy in the form of glycogen & turn it back into glucose as needed.
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Cellulose: The most common organic compound on Earth (ie. cotton)
Hydrogen Bonds (Cross-linking) Plants use cellulose for strength. The cellulose chains are all stretched out, and like to stay right next to each other, like raw spaghetti that's all stuck together. That's why cellulose can hold up the tallest trees!
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Starch: Starch is a compact way to store a lot of glucose in a small space. Our bodies break the starch down into glucose, which can be used for energy. Even though starch and cellulose are both made from the same sugar (glucose), they act very differently (because the glucose molecules are joined together differently). Starch will dissolve in water, but cellulose won't. So we make food from starches and we build things and make clothing out of cellulose.
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Acids & Bases Properties of acids and bases: Acids 2. Bases (a) (a)
(b) (b) (c) (c) (d) (d) (e) (e) Sour Bitter Changes the color of acid-base indicator. Changes the color of acid-base indicator. Some react w/metals Slippery React w/bases to form salts React w/acids to form salts Conducts electric current Conducts electric current Blue Litmus Paper: Blue to Red Acid Red Litmus Paper: Red to Blue Base
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B. Bronsted-Lowry Acids and Bases
Acids: H+ ________ Example: Bases: H+ ________ Amphoteric substances: Can behave like an _____ and a _____. Donor List of strong acids: HNO3, H2SO4, HCl, HClO4, HBr, HI HCl (aq) H+ + Cl HCN (aq) H+ + CN List of strong bases: LiOH, NaOH, KOH, Ca(OH)2, Ba(OH)2, Sr(OH)2 Acceptor OH + H+ H2O CN + H+ HCN acid base H+ H+ Contains both a H+ and charge. H2CO3 HCO3 H+ + CO32
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C. Acid-Base Reactions (Conjugate acid-base pairs)
(Differ by only a H+) (CB) (CA) HNO ClO H2SO3 + OH H2CO3 + BrO2 H3PO4 + C2O42 HClO + NO2 Acid Base (CB) (CA) H2O + HSO3 Acid Base (CB) (CA) HBrO2 + HCO3 Acid Base (CB) (CA) H2PO4 + HC2O4 Acid Base
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C. pH Scale: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Acid Rain NaOH Lye H2SO4
Neutral H2SO4 Acidic Alkaline/Basic 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Acid Rain High quality H2O
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D. In impure water (contains an acidic or basic substance):
If [H+] > 1.0 x 10-7 M, solution is _______. If [H+] < 1.0 x 10-7 M, solution is _________________. If [H+] = 1.0 x 10-7 M, solution is _________. acidic basic or alkaline neutral 1.0 x 10−7 = pH 7 1.0 x 10−2 = pH 2 pH < 7 = acid pH > 7 = base 1.0 x 10−5 = pH 5 pH = 7 = neutral 1.0 x 10−11 = pH 11
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The End !!!!
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