1. 1 Proteins Protein functions include: 1. enzyme catalysts 2. defense 3. transport 4. support 5. motion 6. regulation 7. storage Chapter 3- part 2

2. 2 Proteins Proteins are polymers of amino acids. Amino acids -20 different amino acids -joined by dehydration synthesis -peptide bonds form between adjacent amino acids

3. 3 Proteins Amino acid structure: -central carbon atom surrounded by -amino group -carboxyl group -single hydrogen -variable R group

4. 4 Proteins The shape of a protein determines its function. -primary structure – sequence of amino acids -secondary structure – interaction of groups in the peptide backbone -  helix -  sheet

5. 5 Proteins

6. 6 Protein structure (continued): - tertiary structure: folded shape of the polypeptide chain - quaternary structure: interactions between multiple polypeptide subunits Protein folding is aided by chaperone proteins.

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8. 8 Proteins Motifs are common elements of secondary structure seen in many polypeptides. Domains are functional regions of a polypeptide.

9. 9 Proteins Denaturation is a change in the shape of a protein, usually causing loss of function! -may involve complete unfolding; -caused by changes in the protein’s environment -pH -temperature -salt concentration

10. 10 Lipids Lipids are a group of molecules that are insoluble in water. A high proportion of nonpolar C – H bonds causes the molecule to be hydrophobic. Two main categories: -fats (triglycerides) -phospholipids

11. 11 Lipids Triglycerides (fats) -composed of 1 glycerol + 3 fatty acids Fatty acids are long hydrocarbon chains which may be -saturated -unsaturated -polyunsaturated

12. 12 Lipids Triglycerides -an excellent molecule for energy storage; -store twice as much energy as carbohydrates; -animal fats are usually saturated fats and are solid at room temperature; -plant fats (oils) are usually unsaturated and are liquid at room temperature.

13. 13 Lipids Phospholipids - composed of: -1 glycerol -2 fatty acids -a phosphate group Phospholipids contain polar “heads” and nonpolar “tails”.

14. 14 Lipids Phospholipids spontaneously form micelles or lipid bilayers. These structures cluster the hydrophobic regions of the phospholipid toward the inside and leave the hydrophilic regions exposed to the water environment. Lipid bilayers are the basis of biological membranes.

15. 15 Lipids