1. APES DO NOW Turn in Tragedy of the Commons
List the main environmental problems facing the world today.
List the CAUSES of those problems.

2. Steps Independent vs. Dependent Variables Control vs. Constant
Scientific Method
Steps
Independent vs. Dependent Variables
Control vs. Constant

4. Scientific Method Question or Problem? Background Research Hypothesize
Create Procedure + Experiment
Analyze Data + Results
Conclusion

5. What is a variable? Effects of vitamin C on life span
Effect of fertilizer on plant growth
Effect of drug dosage on symptom severity
Effect of temperature on dissolved oxygen

6. Types of Variables

8. Your Turn!

9. Practice Identifying Variables
Students of different ages were given the same jigsaw puzzle to put together. They were timed to see how long it took to finish the puzzle.
Dependent variable: 
Independent variable:
Constants:
time
ages
Same puzzle

10. Inductive vs. Deductive Reasoning*
Inductive = from specific to the general, starts from observation + evidence and leads to conclusion
Example: that every time you eat a hot dog with chili and onions, you get a stomachache. Using inductive reasoning, you could logically conclude that the chili dogs cause indigestion, and that you should probably stop eating them.
Deductive = moves from a conclusion to the evidence for that conclusion
Example: All men are mortal. Socrates is a man.
Therefore, Socrates is mortal.

11. Chemistry Review Matter Elements Atoms  protons, neutrons, electrons
Compounds
Cations and Anions
Mixtures: homogeneous (solutions = solute + solvent) and heterogeneous
Atomic number, Mass number
Isotopes
Matter – mass takes up space
Elements – unique properties, cannot be broken down chemically into other substances
Compounds – 2 or + elements bonded together in fixed proportions
Isotopes – same element, different number of protons

12. Energy Types POTENTIAL (stored) vs. KINETIC (motion)
Law of Conservation of Matter

13. Energy Loops Positive Feedback Loop
End result is often explosive or amplifying
“cummulative causation”
EX: contractions, blood clotting, fission
Negative Feedback Loop
End result is often equilibrium
“homeostasis”
EX: thermostat

14. Laws of Thermodynamics
1st Law: energy cannot be created nor destroyed, it only changes forms
Deals with quantity of energy
2nd Law: “Entropy Rules”, amount of useable energy decreases as energy changes forms, 10% gets transferred, 90% dissipated
Deals with quality of energy (high vs. low)

15. Energy Transfers Conduction – through direct contact
Convection – by molecular movement
Radiation – by wave energy

16. Biology Review
A human body contains trillions of cells, each with an identical set of genes.
Each human cell (except for red blood cells) contains a nucleus.
Each cell nucleus has an identical set of chromosomes, which are found in pairs.
A specific pair of chromosomes contains one chromosome from each parent.
Each chromosome contains a long DNA molecule in the form
of a coiled double helix.
Genes are segments of
DNA on chromosomes that
contain instructions to make
proteins—the building blocks of life.
Fig. 2-7, p. 42

17. The Electromagnetic Spectrum
Figure 2.11: The electromagnetic spectrum consists of a range of electromagnetic waves, which differ in wavelength (the distance between successive peaks or troughs) and energy content.
Fig. 2-11, p. 45

18. Systems Have Inputs, Flows, and Outputs
Set of components that interact in a regular way
Human body, earth, the economy
Inputs from the environment
Flows, throughputs of matter and energy
Outputs to the environment