2. AFRICA: Shaped by its History Turn to page 35 in the book

3. Africa’s kingdoms of the Past Ancient Egypt ….3100 – 30 BC Nubia………….. 3100 – 1500 BC Aksum…………100 BC – AD 900 Ghana…............AD 600 – 1250 Mali ……………AD 950 – 1550 Songhai ………AD 1000 – 1591 Asante ………..AD 1701 – 1874 Benin …………AD 1275 – 1897

4. Chapter 2, Section 1 African Beginnings  Scientists believe 10,000 yrs. ago Africa’s 1 st farmers lived in the Sahara.  Changing Times Hunters and Gatherers- (Earliest Africans) Hunted for meat and fur They used wood, animal bones, and stone for tools.

5. Farming and Herding P.38  People began to domesticate plants  Domesticate means to adapt them for personal use. People then didn’t have to travel to where the plants were growing they could plant them where they were.

6. Civilizations on the Nile  A Civilization is a society with cities, a government, and social classes.  Civilizations usually have architecture, writing, and art.

7. Two Important Civilizations of Ancient Africa  Egypt -5000 years ago people began farming along the Nile. -The people of Egypt were ruled by Pharaohs.  Nubia - People started by hunting and fishing. - 724 BC Nubians conquered Egypt. - A.D. 350 Nubia was conquered by the Ethiopian kingdom of Aksum.

8. Bantu Migration P.40  4000 years ago the Bantu people in Africa began one of the largest migrations of all time.  No one knows why.  Experts study the routes the Bantu people took.  Migrate- To move from one place and resettle in another.

9. Bantu people spread their language.  On their migration the Bantu people spread their language all over Africa.  Hundreds of ethnic groups were created. Ethnic groups share languages, religions, family ties, and customs.  Some of the languages that are based on Bantu are: Zulu, Shona, Swahili, and Xhosa (KOH sah)

10. Kingdoms, City-States, and Empires (Chapter 2, Section 2)  East African Trading Civilizations. - One of the most powerful trading civilizations in East Africa were the Aksum. - The development of Christianity was a very important event on the trading industry. - Around A.D. 600 the Aksum people began to decline, as Arabs took over trading.

11. Cities of Trade p.44  Traders from Africa traded animal skins, Ivory, and Gold with India and China.  They used Monsoon winds to cross the Indian Ocean… Waited for the winds to change before they could come back. (see map p. 43) Trade also introduced Islam to the region. Also the language Swahili developed in the area.

12. Rise of the City States  A city-state is a city that has its own traditions, government, and laws. It is both a city and an independent nation.

13. The Rise of Islam  The rise of Islam was spread throughout Mali and other African City-States by Muslim traders.  Many Muslims take a pilgrimage or religious journey, to the city of Mecca.

14. European Conquest of Africa (Chapter 2, Section 3)  Portugal was the first of the European countries to explore Africa.  When Portuguese explorers realized how rich East African coast was, they decided to seize the riches of the area.  Portugal controlled East Africa well into the 1600’s

15. Europeans Colonize Africa  In the mid-1800’s the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade was over.  The scramble to colonize Africa begins.  Colonize means to settle an area and take control of it’s government.  Europeans wanted to colonize because of the natural resources.  (Draw map on p.55)

16. Independence and its Challenges Chapter 2, Section 4  Many Africans dreamed of Independence.  One of the things that led to countries in Africa becoming independent was the importance of Nationalism.  Nationalism is a feeling of pride in one’s nation.

17. Africa and WWII Page 59 WWWWWII inspired many African countries to seek independence. MMMMuch of WWII took place in Northern Africa. AAAAfrican people fought with the Allies to free Europe from Germany and Italy.

18. Different Paths to Independence.  Ghana chose to boycott against British rule.  Boycott is to refuse to buy or use certain products or services.  Building a democracy is not easy.  USA is more than 200 years old, most African countries, less than 50.  Democracy is a government in which citizens exercise power through elected officials.

19. Europe is weakened!!  After WWII Europe was weakened financially and had no other option than to let their countries in Africa become independent.

20. Issues for Africa Today (Chapter 2, Section 5)  Farming is the most important economic activity in Africa.  Africans practice 2 types of farming. 1) Subsistence farming 2) Commercial farming  Commercial farming is the large scale production of cash crops for sale.

21. Economic Issues  African countries are now trying to reduce their dependence on one export.  With one export countries have to worry about something happening to their crop.  Countries are trying to diversify their economies.

22. Education  African children must often contribute to their families income by working in the fields.  Unfortunately this contributes to many African children being illiterate.  Literate means being able to read and write.

23. Health LLLLife expectancy is the average number of years a person is expected to live. AAAAndorra…..84 years JJJJapan….82 years UUUUSA…..78 years MMMMorocco…..71 years SSSSouth Africa…..52 years BBBBotswana……32 years MMMMillions of African children are born with the HIV virus and millions more adults die of AIDS before the age of 50.

24. The Environment  Much of the land in Africa has very poor farming.  People cut down or burn trees to clear land for farming.  Without trees the land is exposed to rain and wind that results in erosion.

25. The End!!!!!!!