1. AFRICA REVIEW BANTU MIGRATIONS (100-1000 AD)– Herders/farmers – moved W to E and S. Africa. Herders/farmers – moved W to E and S. Africa. Brought common language (mixes with Arabic – becomes Swahili) Brought common language (mixes with Arabic – becomes Swahili) Brought Iron, oral tradition (no writing), and slavery. Brought Iron, oral tradition (no writing), and slavery. Cultural diffusers – (see above) and add use of cereal grains and terracing crops. Cultural diffusers – (see above) and add use of cereal grains and terracing crops.

2. Sahalan Empires (West Africa) Ghana – 300 A.D.- 1100 A.D. “land of gold” in Sahel – savannah grasslands south and west of the Sahara. “land of gold” in Sahel – savannah grasslands south and west of the Sahara. Ruled by a king. Mix of Muslims and non-Muslims. Ruled by a king. Mix of Muslims and non-Muslims. Arabs traded copper, horses, textiles and figs for gold, honey, slaves, and ivory from Ghana. Arabs traded copper, horses, textiles and figs for gold, honey, slaves, and ivory from Ghana.

3. Sahalan - Mali Mali – 1100 A.D.-1350. Griots – professional oral historians, keepers of traditions, advisors to kings. Griots – professional oral historians, keepers of traditions, advisors to kings. More Muslim converts More Muslim converts Mansa Musa – devout Muslim – 1324 made pilgrimage to Mecca with much gold (draws more traders to Africa). Mansa Musa – devout Muslim – 1324 made pilgrimage to Mecca with much gold (draws more traders to Africa).

4. Mali Timbuktu – political, economic, and cultural center of all West Africa during this time period. Timbuktu – political, economic, and cultural center of all West Africa during this time period. On trans-Saharan trade route exchanging gold from the south for salt from the desert. Also traded ivory and slaves. Islamic social structure with many mosques and a center of Islamic learning. On trans-Saharan trade route exchanging gold from the south for salt from the desert. Also traded ivory and slaves. Islamic social structure with many mosques and a center of Islamic learning.

5. Christianity in Africa Egypt (Coptics) and Ethiopia. Christians allowed to practice even with the coming of Islam. Egypt (Coptics) and Ethiopia. Christians allowed to practice even with the coming of Islam.