1. Africa

2. “Unless you know the road you’ve
come down, you cannot know where
you are going.”
-Temne Proverb

3. The African Environment

4. Physical Environment
Savannas
Mountains
Lakes
Deserts

5. General Cultural Patterns
Bridewealth
Polygyny

6. The Peopling of Africa

7. In the Beginning … Tassili n-Ajjer Teff Noog Sesame Ensete Critters
Iron: Meroe & Nok

8. Bantu Dispersion
Cameroon
Lake Victoria
Ironworking
Bananas
Yams

9. Ethiopia & NE Africa Aksum Ezana (320-350) Lalibela Made-Siyon Gults
Zar’a Ya’kob

10. Empires of the Western Sudan

11. Ghana
Military leader
Gold
Al-Masudi
Salt
Slaves
Al-Bakri

12. Mali
Sumaguru
Musa ( )
Ibn Battuta
Sulayman

13. Songhai
Sunni Ali
Askia Muhammad
Ahmad al-Mansur

14. Kanem-Bornu
Dunama Dibalemi
Queen Amina

15. West African Forest Kingdoms
Ife
Benin
Ozama
Oba Ewuare

16. Swahili City-States Coast “Periplus of the Erythrean Sea” Kilwa
Ibn Battuta

17. Kingdoms of Central & Southern Africa
Mapungubwe
Great Enclosure
Advisers
Nyatsimbe Mutota
Mwene mutapa
Manikongo

18. Conclusion
Adaptation
Agriculture
Herding
Ironworking
Trade
Religion

19. Any Questions?