1. CELLULAR RESPIRATION The process by which mitochondria break down food molecules to produce ATP

2. There are three stages. 1.Glycolysis 2.Citric acid cycle 3.E-transport chain

5. GLYCOLYSIS Overview: series of chemical reactions in the cytoplasm of cells that break down GLUCOSE(C6H12O6) into two-three carbon molecules called pyruvic acid. 2 ATP are required to start glycolysis Glycolysis is inefficient because it only produces 4 ATP and has to use two to get going. Leaving a net ATP of 2 for each molecule of glucose broken down.

6. Two Kinds of Glycolysis Anaerobic (W/O O2) –Prokaryotic –Typically bacteria –Fermentation- which produces ethyl alcohol and then breaks down into lactic acid Aerobic ( with O2) –Eukaryotic –Glycolysis-4 ATP –Kreb’s Cycle-2 ATP –E- transport – 32 ATP –Cellular Respiration: Max Produced 38 ATP/molecule of glucose. Usable is 36

8. Step 1 2 phosphate groups are attached to glucose(6 carbon sugar) 2 ATP’s are broken down to supply phosphates P-C-C-C-C-C-C-P

11. Step 2 6 Carbon molecule is split into (2)3 Carbon molecules C-C-C-P

12. STEP 3 C-C-C-P(1 st PGAL) Oxidized C-C-C-P(2 nd PGAL) Oxidized 2NAD+(nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) are reduced (accepts e-),carries it becoming 2NADH + (2H+) NAD is a coenzyme that accepts e- and p+ 2 Phosphates are added to become P-C-C-C-P and P-C-C-C-P

14. Step 4 Phosphates added in Step I and 3 are removed Leaving 2 molecules of pyruvic Acid C-C-C and C-C-C The 4 phosphates are combined with molecules of ADP to form 4 ATP’S

15. ATP TOTAL SO FAR 4 ATP are produced at the end of glycolysis. 4 ATP – 2 ATP= net of 2 ATP going into the citric acid cycle

16. The Citric Acid Cycle or Kreb’s Cycle Where: Mitochondria Who: All living things When: Always going on Why: Produce ATP

18. Electron and Proton Carriers FAD(flavin adenine diphosphate) NAD(nicotinamide diphosphate) A total of 3 NADPH molecules are formed and 1 FADH2 molecule is formed These e-carriers transport energized e- from the citric acid cycle to the electron transport chain in the inner membrane of the mitochondrion

19. STEP 1 Pyruvic acid: (Product of glycolysis) (2C2H3OCOOH) reacts with coenzyme A to form Acetyl Coenzyme A or Acetyl CoA C-C-CoA

20. STEP 2 C-C-CoA combines with oxaloacetic acid (C4H4O5) and forms Citric Acid A 6 carbon compound CO2 is released and a H+ is released H+ joins with NAD(an enzyme that accepts e- and H+) to form NADH+ The 6 Carbon compound is now a 5 carbon compound called ketoglutaric acid

21. STEP 3 The Ketoglutaric acid loses a CO2 and a H+ ion and becomes a 4 carbon compound. C-C-C-C (Succinic Acid) The H+ joins with a NAD and forms NADH One ATP forms here

22. STEP 4 Succinic Acid Loses a H+ and breaks down into Fumaric acid, another 4 carbon compound This H+ hooks up with FAD(flavin adenine dinucleotide) another enzyme to create FADH Another H+ attaches to FADH and becomes FADH2+

23. Step 5 Fumaric Acid breaks into another 4 carbon compound called Malic acid NADH and FADH are used to regenerate Oxaloacetic acid and the cycle begins again

25. Part 3 : The Electron Transport Chain Where: inner mitochondrion membrane NADH and FADH2 Pass energized e- from protein to protein within the membrane. Releasing energy along the way Some of that energy is used to create ATP and some is used to pump H+ ions into the center of the mitochondrion Inside the membrane is + charged and outside is - charged

26. Electron Transport Continued The inner membrane forms ATP from this electrochemical gradient across the mitochondrial membrane. The final electron acceptor is Oxygen Which reacts with 4 H+ to form 2 H2O’s The e- transport chain produces 32 ATP’s 32 ATP + 2 ATP in Kreb’s + 2 from glycolysis = 36 total ATP’s produced in cellular respiration

27. Comparison of photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration Photosynthesis –Food accumulated –Energy from sun stored in glucose –Carbon dioxide taken in –Oxygen given off –Produces glucose from PGAL –Goes only in light –Occurs in the presence of chlorophyll Cellular Respiration –Food broken down –Energy of glucose is released –CO2 given off –Oxygen taken in –Produces CO2 and H2O –Goes on all day and night –Occurs in living cells