1. Energy: Movement In Ecosystems

2. Yellowstone Wolves Case Study

3. Reintroduced into the park in 1995…stolen from Canada! He’s Tagged!

4. They eat deer…

5. And elk…

6. And horse…

7. And lamb… And cow…

8. So…

9. “I went fishing and all I caught was this stupid wolf”

10. Why is it environmentally harmful to remove top predators like the wolf? Discuss with your partner and make a list.

11. Elimination of Top Predators… No more leftover carrion to feed scavengers (vultures, bears, ravens)

12. Elimination of Top Predators… No more controlling populations of lower organisms on food chain

13. Elimination of Top Predators… Loss of stability in food web

14. Elimination of Top Predators… Grass/vegetation habitat decreases

15. Elimination of Top Predators… Increase in soil erosion/compaction

16. Energy Flow in Ecosystems Producers Consumers Decomposers

17. Producers: Phototrophs Use sun to produce sugar(photosynthesis) Plants, Algae (Phytoplankton), Bacteria PS is 1 % efficient!

18. Use H 2 S to produce sugars (chemosynthesis) Bacteria Producers: Chemotrophs

20. Consumers: Heterotrophs Break down stored sugars (aerobic respiration) C 6 H 12 0 6 + 6H 2 O + 6O 2 ----> 6CO 2 +12H 2 O+ Energy

21. Consumers: Heterotrophs Primary Consumers: Herbivores, eat producers DEER!

22. Consumers: Heterotrophs Secondary Consumers: Carnivores, eat primary consumers

23. Consumers: Heterotrophs Tertiary Consumers: Eat secondary consumers, top, apex predators Great White

24. Decomposers: Saprotrophs Feed off dead organic © matter in soil, release nutrients. Fungi and Bacteria

25. Importance of Decomposers 1.Make vital elements available to primary producers.  Convert organic material into inorganic materials that producers can use in soil or water.

26. Chains vs Webs Simple vs Complex Trophic Levels: Energy flows from one trophic level to another

27. Simpson’s FOOD WEB

28. FOOD WEBS Show multiple ways energy can move through an ecosystem More connections, more stable in a changed environment

29. Bu-Bye Energy! Orgs are not 100% efficient Only 10% of energy at 1 level makes it to the next level (90% lost as heat)

30. Heat Energy Loss Less energy as you go up = no more than 3-4 levels in a food chain

31. Pyramid of Numbers Shows # of indiv. at each trophic level

32. Biomass: Mass of organic material Not a typical pyramid shape Consumers may eat most of producers as they are made Pyramid of Biomass

34. Always a pyramid shape Energy lost as you go  10% rule Pyramid of Energy

35. So, Why Should We All Be Vegetarians? Go Blank!

37. Gross Primary Productivity (GPP) Rate at which energy is captured during PS HIGH LOW

38. Net Primary Productivity (NPP) Energy that remains in plants after respiration; available to consumers NPP= GPP -- Resp.

39. What Ecosystems Have High NPP? Per unit area: