2.  What is Personality?  An individual’s characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting

3. 1. Sigmund Freud and Psychoanalysis  A. Methods  1.Hypnosis: tried to use hypnosis to enter the unconscious mind  2.Free association: patient says whatever comes to mind, no matter how embarrassing or trivial.  3.Dream Analysis: looking at symbols and situation in a dream to understand a person’s personality.

4. B. Map of the mind  1. Id: Pleasure Principle, instant gratification  2. Ego: Reality Principle, seeks to gratify the id’s impulses in realistic ways  3. Superego: voice of conscience, forces the ego to consider not only the real but the ideal. (How we ought to behave )

6. Freud’s Stages of Development  Label your table columns :  Stage  Characteristics  Causes and signs of being fixated in this stage

7. Stage: Oral  Characteristics:  1 st year of life  To understand an object, a child puts it in their mouth  Mouth is main source of pleasure because of food

8. Causes & signs of fixation:  Parents do not give the infant enough attention  Smoking, overeating, excessive talking, and nail biting.

9. Stage: Anal  Characteristics:  Between 1.5-2 years old  Children now understand they can control their own bodily functions

10. Causes and signs of fixation:  Anal Retentive: perfectionists

11. Stage: Phallic  Characteristics:  3 years old  Children start to recognize the physical differences between the sexes

12. Causes and signs of fixation:  See the same sex parent as a rival Oedipus Complex-boys want to kill fathers and have their mothers to themselves Can lead to depression, excessive guilt, & anxiety Resolve through identification with father and take on his values

13. Stage: Latency  6- puberty years old  Children in conflict with their parents  Repress all aggressive urges

14. Causes and signs of fixation:  None

15. Stage: Genital  Characteristics:  Starts at puberty  Become more aware of gender identity

16. Causes & reasons for fixation:  Conflicts from earlier stages become more apparent during this stage.

17. D. Defense Mechanisms  1. Definition: Tactics that reduce or redirect anxiety by distorting reality.  2. Types  Denial: ignoring the problem  Repression: banish anxiety-arousing thoughts and feelings from consciousness  Regression: retreat to an earlier, more immature state of development  Reaction formation: ego unconsciously makes unacceptable impulses look like their opposites

18.  e. Projection: Disguises threatening impulses by attributing them to others.  f. Rationalization: self-justifying explanations to hide from ourselves the real reasons for our or others actions  g. Displacement: diverts sexual or aggressive impulses toward an object or person that is psychologically more acceptable  h. Sublimation: transformation of unwanted impulses into something less harmful.

19. E. Carl Jung  1. Collective unconscious: a common pool of images derived from our species’ universal experiences.  2. Archetypes: symbolic imagery (superman, fairy godmother, mother earth, father time.)

20. F. Adler and Horney  1. Inferiority Complex: feelings of inferiority because of childhood experiences (Adler)  2. Helplessness: childhood anxiety caused by feelings of helplessness =desire for love and security

21. G. Testing  1. Projective Tests  a. Thematic Apperception Test: view ambiguous pictures and then make up stories about them  b. Rorschach inkblot test: Reveals our inner feelings and conflicts

22. H. Criticisms  No proof!

23. II. The Trait Perspective- Gordon Allport Traits-factors making up personality  1. Definition: people’s characteristic behaviors and conscious motives  2. Testing  a. Personality Testing  1. Myers Briggs: 126 question test to figure out your personality factors

24.  Raymond Cattell’s 16 Personality Factors (16 PF)  W.T. Norman’s Big Five Personality Traits:

25. Openness – (inventive/curious vs. consistent/cautious). Appreciation for art, emotion, adventure, unusual ideas, curiosity, and variety of experience.art emotionadventurecuriosity

26.  Conscientiousness – (efficient/organized vs. easy- going/careless). A tendency to show self-discipline, act dutifully, and aim for achievement; planned rather than spontaneous behaviour.self-discipline dutifully achievement

27.  Extraversion – (outgoing/energetic vs. solitary/reserved). Energy, positive emotions, surgency, and the tendency to seek stimulation in the company of otherssurgency stimulation

28.  Agreeableness – (friendly/compassionate vs. cold/unkind). A tendency to be compassionate and cooperative rather than suspicious and antagonistic towards others.compassionate cooperative suspiciousantagonistic

29.  Neuroticism – (sensitive/nervous vs. secure/confident). A tendency to experience unpleasant emotions easily, such as anger, anxiety, depression, or vulnerability.anger anxietydepression vulnerability

30.  Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI): assesses “abnormal” personality tendencies rather than normal traits.

31. III Humanistic Perspective  Maslow and Self-Actualization  The process of fulfilling our potential

32. B. Carl Rogers  Unconditional Positive Regard: an attitude that values us even knowing our failings  Self Concept: All the thought s we have in response to the question, “Who am I?”  Self Esteem: How we feel about ourselves  Self Serving Bias: Attribute success to own personal factors but attribute failures to outward factors.

33. C. Culture  Individualism: culture that focuses on the success of the individual  Collectivism: culture that focuses on the success of the group

34. D. Criticisms of the humanistic perspective  fails to appreciate the human capacity for evil

35. IV. The Social Cognitive Perspective  A. Albert Bandura  1.Reciprocal determination: your personality affects your environment and vice versa.  2. Locus of control  A. External: life controls you  B. Internal:you control your life