1. Large-Scale Temperature Changes During the Past Millennium Michael E. Mann, Department of Environmental Sciences University of Virginia Smithsonian Environmental Research Center Edgewater Maryland March 15, 2000

2. OVERVIEW Climate Change

3. OVERVIEW Climate Change Reconstructing the climate in previous centuries with “proxy” climate records

4. OVERVIEW Climate Change Reconstructing the climate in previous centuries with “proxy” climate records Diagnosing the factors influencing climate variations

5. OVERVIEW Climate Change Reconstructing the climate in previous centuries with “proxy” climate records Diagnosing the factors influencing climate variations Conclusions

6. GREENHOUSE EFFECT?

7. GREENHOUSE EFFECT GLOBAL RADIATION BALANCE

8. ENHANCED GREENHOUSE EFFECT?

9. CO2 Concentration Measurements of CO2 in parts per million (ppm) at Mauna Loa Observatory.

10. GLOBAL TEMPERATURE TREND SINCE MID 19th CENTURY

11. Greenhouse Gases and Warming CO 2 Related?

12. MANTRA OF PALEOCLIMATOLOGY

14. ASTRONOMICAL CLIMATE FORCING Eccentricity Obliquity Precession

15. ASTRONOMICAL CYCLES AND ICE AGES ASTRONOMICAL CLIMATE FORCING

18. ICE CORES

19. CORALS

20. TREE RINGS

21. HISTORICAL DOCUMENTS

22. VARVED LAKE SEDIMENTS

25. Map showing global proxy climate network. All of the records date back to at least 1820, most to the early 18 th century, and many back to 1600. Before 1400, the network is too sparse to constrain large-scale patterns of variability without greatly expanded uncertainties.

26. INSTRUMENTAL TEMPERATURE RECORD GLOBAL PROXY CLIMATE RECORDS

27. Five leading patterns of global temperature variation during the 20th century.

28. Calibration (1902-1980) Verification (1854-1901)

30. Reconstructions of time histories of 5 leading temperature patterns. Note that fewer eigenvectors are reconstructed further back in time.

31. 1791 RECONSTRUCTED GLOBAL TEMPERATURE PATTERNS

33. NORTHERN HEMISPHERE MEAN ANNUAL DURING THE PAST MILLENNIUM

36. El Niño and La Niña

37. 1791

38. El Niño “Niño3”

40. CLIMATE FORCINGS

42. Relationship of variations in Northern Hemisphere mean temperature reconstruction to estimates of three candidate forcings Volcanism Greenhouse Gases Solar Irradiance Temperature

43. CONCLUSIONS 1990s likely the warmest decade in past 1000 years

44. CONCLUSIONS 1990s likely the warmest decade in past 1000 years Recent El Ninos among the largest of the past few centuries

45. CONCLUSIONS 1990s likely the warmest decade in past 1000 years Recent El Ninos among the largest of the past few centuries Natural (volcanic and solar) forcings have detectable influence during past several centuries

46. CONCLUSIONS 1990s likely the warmest decade in past 1000 years Recent El Ninos among the largest of the past few centuries Natural (volcanic and solar) forcings have detectable influence during past several centuries Anthropogenic likely the dominant forcing during the late 20th century