1. © Economic Analysis Of Hybrid Photovoltaic-Diesel-Battery Power Systems For Residential Loads In Hot Regions - A Step To Clean Future Shaahid, SM; Elhadidy, MA PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD, RENEWABLE SUSTAINABLE ENERGY REVIEWS; pp: 488-503; Vol: 12 King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals http://www.kfupm.edu.sa Summary The growing concerns of global warming and depleting oil/gas reserves have made it inevitable to seek energy from renewable energy resources. Many nations are embarking on introduction of clean/renewable solar energy for displacement of oil- produced energy. Moreover, solar photovoltaic (PV)-diesel hybrid power generation system technology is an emerging energy option since it promises great deal of challenges and opportunities for developed and developing countries. The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (K.S.A) being enriched with higher level of solar radiation, is a prospective candidate for deployment of solar PV systems. Literature indicates that commercial/residential buildings in K.S.A. consume about 10-45% of the total electric energy generated. The aim of this study is to analyze long-term solar radiation data of Dhahran (East-Coast, K.S.A.) to assess the techno-economic feasibility of utilizing hybrid PV-diesel-battery power systems to meet the load of a typical residential building (with annual electrical energy demand of 35,120 kWh). The monthly average daily solar global radiation ranges from 3.61 to 7.96 kwh/m(2). National Renewable Energy Laboratory's (NREL) Hybrid Optimization Model for Electric Renewable (HOMER) software has been employed to carry out the present study. The simulation results indicate that for a hybrid system composed of 4 kWp PV system together with 10 kW diesel system and a battery storage of 3 h of autonomy (equivalent to 3 h of average load), the PV penetration is 22%. The cost of generating energy (COE, US$/kWh) from the above hybrid system has been found to be 0.179 Copyright: King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals; http://www.kfupm.edu.sa

2. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. © $/kWh (assuming diesel fuel price of 0.1 $/1). The study exhibits that for a given hybrid configuration, the operational hours of diesel generators decrease with increase in PV capacity. The investigation also examines the effect of PV/battery penetration on COE, operational hours of diesel gensets for a given hybrid system. Concurrently, attention is focussed on un-met load, excess electricity generation, fuel savings and reduction in carbon emissions (for different scenarios such as PV-diesel without storage, PV-diesel with storage, as compared to diesel-only situation), COE of different hybrid systems, cost of PV-diesel-battery systems, etc. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. References: 1.1971, 8 WMO 1994, REPORT BRIEFING CASE 1999, ANNUAL REPORT SAUDI *MIN IND EL, 1997, EL GROWTH DEV KINGD *RES I KFUPM, 1992, PN12031 RES I KFUPM ALI S, 2001, 7 AR INT SOL EN C SH, P4 BERGEY M, 1993, WIND ENERGY APPL TRA CHOWDHURY BH, 1988, IEEE T POWER SYSTEMS, V3, P900 COIANTE D, 1996, SOL ENERGY, V57, P485 10.DOUGLAS B, 1997, SOLAR TODAYMAY, P16 ELHADIDY M, 2000, RENEW ENERG, V21, P129 ELHADIDY MA, 1994, SOL ENERGY, V52, P439 ELHADIDY MA, 1998, WORLD REN EN C 5 FLO ELHADIDY MA, 1999, INT J RENEWABLE ENER, P77 ERHARD K, 1991, RENEW ENERG, V1, P745 ESSAM EI, 1988, SOL ENERGY, V41, P531 FRANK W, 1992, SOLAR ENERGY TEC SED, V13, P75 HANSEN U, 1998, ENERGY J, V19, P63 JEFFERY K, 1990, SUN WORLD, V14, P44 JOYASHREE R, 1996, SOL ENERGY, V57, P231 LUIZ CGV, 1998, ENERGY, V23, P317 MAHMOUD M, 1990, IEE P C, V37, P391 NAYAR CV, 1993, SOL ENERGY, V51, P65 OMAR B, 2002, P 1 S EN CONS MAN BU, P175 OPARAKU OU, 2002, INT J SOL ENERGY, V22, P123 POST HN, 1988, SOL ENERGY, V41, P465 RAHMAN SHA, 2002, P 1 S EN CONS MAN BU, P103 RICHARD NC, 1989, SOL ENERGY, V43, P71 ROGER HB, 1993, ENERGY, V18, P681 SHAAHID SM, 1994, P 40 INT INSTR S ISA Copyright: King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals; http://www.kfupm.edu.sa

3. 31. © TRACA A, 1983, IEEE T POWER APPARAT, V102, P1515 For pre-prints please write to: mshaahid@kfupm.edu.sa Copyright: King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals; http://www.kfupm.edu.sa