1. States of Matter

2. States of Matter Temperature
At the atomic level all matter is in motion – even solids
What is the difference between the molecules of ice, water, steam/water vapor?
Temperature
And what exactly is Temperature?
a measurement of the average kinetic energy of the molecules of a substance

3. States of Matter

4. Solids Every solid has a definite shape and definite volume
The particles in a solid move very slowly.
In fact, they essentially are just vibrating in place
Solids

5. Liquids Add energy (heat) to a solid, and you will get a liquid
Particles of liquids slide past each other
Liquid flows and takes the shape of its container
Indefinite shape
Definite volume

6. Gases Add energy (heat) to liquid and you get gas
Gases expand or contract to fill the space available to them.
Indefinite shape
Indefinite volume

7. Plasma Examples: Fluorescent lights Neon signs Northern Lights
Lightening
Add energy (heat) to gas and you get plasma
99.8% of our solar system’s mass is in the sun. The most common form of mass on the sun is plasma

8. States of Matter Vocabulary: Evaporation Condensation Sublimation
Solid
Liquid
Gas
Plasma
Temperature
Volume
Melting Point -The temperature at which a solid turns into a liquid.
Boiling Point- The temperature at which a liquid turns into a gas

9. Energy is Required to change the state of Matter
Heat of Vaporization
The energy required to change from a solid to a liquid
Heat of Fusion
The energy required to change from a liquid to a gas.

10. States of Matter
Solid - molecules vibrate but cannot change position; definite shape and definite size
Liquid - molecules can move over and around each other; definite volume but indefinite shape

11. States of Matter
Gas - molecules move around freely and separate from one another; no definite shape or size
Plasma - matter heated to such a high temperature that atoms begin to break apart; outer electrons are stripped away

12. The Transitions Solid  Liquid: Liquid  Gas: Solid  Gas:
Liquid  Solid:
Gas  Liquid:
Gas  Solid:
MELTING
EVAPORATION
SUBLIMATION
FREEZING
CONDENSATION
DEPOSITION
The Transitions

13. The Transitions

14. The State of Matter Depends on Temperature
Water from your freezer starts as solid ice
Add heat and you get liquid water
Add more heat and you get steam (a gas)
Add even more heat and you get plasma

15. Why does ENERGY (heat) change the State of Matter?
The more heat that is applied to an object the more energy it has
The more energy an object has the more it will vibrate
Particle motion (from slow to fast):
Solid  Liquid  Gas  Plasma

17. Physical and Chemical Changes

18. Pure Substances: cannot physically separate
Element: pure substance, only one type of atom
Compound: two or more elements chemically combined
Pure Substances: cannot physically separate

19. Mixtures: can separate physically
Element: pure substance, only one type of atom
Compound: two or more elements chemically combined
Mixtures: can separate physically

20. Heterogeneous Mixtures
Substances can be easily distinguished and separated
Ex: sand and salt, iron and sugar, sand and gravel
Homogeneous Mixtures
Substances are well mixed and appear the same throughout
Ex: Solution

21. Physical Properties Describe substances undergoing physical changes
Ex: density, color, texture, conductivity, malleability, ductility, boiling point, melting point
Physical Properties

22. Chemical Properties Describe substances undergoing chemical changes
Ex: flammability, corrosiveness, volatility
Chemical Properties

23. Physical Changes Same substance remains after change
Used to separate mixtures
Ex: pounding, tearing, cutting, dissolving, evaporating, melting, boiling, pulling
Physical Changes

24. If you break a bottle, you still have glass
If you break a bottle, you still have glass.  Painting your nails will not stop them from being fingernails.  Some common examples of physical changes are: melting, freezing, condensing, breaking, crushing, cutting, and bending.

25. Some, but not all physical changes can be reversed
Some, but not all physical changes can be reversed. You could refreeze the water into ice, but you cannot put your hair back together if you don’t like your haircut!

26. Special types of physical changes where any object changes state, such as when water freezes or evaporates, are sometimes called change of state operations.

27. Chemical Changes Results in new substance with new properties
Also known as a chemical reaction
Ex: burning, digesting, fermenting, decomposing
FLAMMABILITY: A material’s ability to BURN in the presence of OXYGEN
REACTIVITY: How readily (easily) a substance combines chemically with other substances.
Chemical Changes

28. Chemical Change Evidence
1. Precipitate forms (solid)
2. Gas evolves (bubbles)
3. Color change
4. Energy change
Exothermic = releases energy
Endothermic = absorbs energy
5. Odor produced (sometimes)

29. Which has higher reactivity
Which has higher reactivity? A 14 karat gold ring or a cheap metal ring from the vending machine at the grocery store? What is your evidence?

30. When you burn a log in a fireplace, you are carrying out a chemical reaction that releases carbon.  When you light your Bunsen burner in lab, you are carrying out a chemical reaction that produces water and carbon dioxide. 

31. Common examples of chemical changes that you may be somewhat familiar with are; digestion, respiration, photosynthesis, burning, and decomposition. 

32. Physical or Chemical Change?
Burning Paper
CHEMICAL

33. Physical or Chemical Change?
Digestion of food
CHEMICAL

34. Sugar dissolving in water PHYSICAL
Physical or Chemical Change?
Sugar dissolving in water
PHYSICAL

35. Iron turning red when heated PHYSICAL
Physical or Chemical Change?
Iron turning red when heated
PHYSICAL

36. Physical or Chemical Change?
Evaporation
PHYSICAL

37. A pond freezing in winter PHYSICAL
Physical or Chemical Change?
A pond freezing in winter
PHYSICAL

38. Physical or Chemical Change?
Melting ice
PHYSICAL

39. Physical or Chemical Change?
Cutting wire
PHYSICAL

40. Physical or Chemical Change?
Painting fingernails
PHYSICAL

41. Physical or Chemical Change?
Cutting fabric
PHYSICAL

42. Physical or Chemical Change?
Baking muffins
CHEMICAL

43. Physical or Chemical Change?
Shattering glass
PHYSICAL

44. Decomposition of old leaves CHEMICAL
Physical or Chemical Change?
Decomposition of old leaves
CHEMICAL

45. Physical or Chemical Change?
Wrinkling a shirt
PHYSICAL

46. Physical or Chemical Change?
An old nail rusting
CHEMICAL