2. Phases of Matter Solids, Liquids, and Gases

3. I- I- DEFINING MATTER: MATTER: Albert Albert Einstein Einstein said matter can be changed into energy and energy into matter. They are different forms of each other. A-Matter A-Matter is anything that has mass and takes up space. B- All matter is made up of groups of atoms atoms called molecules molecules.

4. C-Three states or phases of matter: Solid, liquid, and gas. PhaseVolumeShape Movement of Molecules SolidDefiniteDefinite Held Tightly LiquidDefinite Takes shape of Container Slide past each other Gas Takes volume of Container Takes shape of Container Move all over

6. II- How Particles are Arranged in Solids particle in a solid v vv vibrates around a f ff fixed point. A-When a solid's particles are arranged in a definite repeating pattern it is a C CC CRYSTAL.

7. l-Crystals form when a m mm melted substance c cc cools. a- the size of the crystal dependson how f ff fast or s ss slow it cools. ~ s ss slow large crystals. ~ fast s ss smaller crystals.

8. B-When the p pp particles of a solid are N NN NOT arranged in a pattern the solid is a AMORPHOUS. l-When the l ll liquids cools t tt too quickly a amorphous solid forms

9. 2-Amorphous solid are made up of long chains of particles. 3-Unlike c cc crystals which melt s ss suddenly at a given temperature, a aa amorphous solids melt gradually over t tt temperature ranges.

10. III-How Particle of a Liquid Behave: A- Surface Tension makes the surface of a liquid act like an e ee elastic sheet.

11. l-Cohesion force that keeps particles of the same substance together. Causes surface tension. 2-Adhesion force that attracts particles of one substance to p pp particles of another substance. Forms the M MM Meniscus.

12. B-Viscosity is the r rr resistance of a liquid to flow. l-Heat makes liquids l ll less Viscous, 2-Cooler temperature makesliquids more Viscous.

13. C- Pressure is the amount of f ff forceacting over an area. l-Pressure acts in a aa all directions. 2-Pressure of a liquid depends on depth and d dd density of the liquid. PRESSURE

14. D-Buoyant force is the upward force liquids exerts on o oo objects. l-Archimedes' Principle: states that the b bb buoyant force on an object is equal to the w ww weight of the liquid/gas it d dd displaces.

16. IV-How Gases Produce Pressure A-Pressure is a f ff force acting overan area. 1. The p pp pushing of gas molecules in a tire make the t tt tire g gg go u uu up.

17. 2. Gravity acts like a c cc container,keeping air from escaping. 3. The g gg gas molecules in ouratmosphere exert p pp pressure oneverything. 4. Air pressure is measured at s ss sealevel.

18. B-Changes in V VV Volume and Temperature of Gases 1. At a constant t tt temperature, thepressure of a gas increases whenthevolume of it's container d dd decreases. a- If you reduce the container by half the pressure d dd doubles. b- If you i ii increase the containers volume by half you decrease the p pp pressure by half.

19. 2. If you i ii increase the temperature of a gas you i ii increase the pressure, as long as the container remains the same size. a-the g gg gas particle g gg gain energy and bump into each other increasing the f ff force.

20. Heat Source Gas Molecules

21. Piston Gas Molecules

22. C- B BB Bernoulli’s Principle: as the velocity of a gas/liquid i ii increases, the p pp pressure it exerts d dd decreases. 1- Plasma: is a special type of g gg gas that is broken up into p pp positively and negatively charged particles. Example n nn neon in neon signs.

23. D-Pascal's Principle states that if the pressure of a liquid/gas in one part of a container changes the pressure changes throughout the container.

24. V- Changes in Phases of Matter A- How m mm matter changes from one p pp phase to another 1- T TT Temperatures affect the way p pp particles are held together. From s ss solid to liquid to g gg gas. 0 0

25. a.M elting is a change of phase from s ss solid to liquid. TThe temperate at which solid melt is its m mm melting point.  Melting point of w ww water is 0 00 00 C. Iron melts at 1 11 15250 C.

26. b.F reezing is the change of phase from l ll liquid to s ss solid. FFFFreezing point is the temperature at which a l ll liquid changes to a s ss solid. TThe freezing point of a substance is the s ss same as its melting point.

27. c.B oiling point the temperature at which a liquid b bb boils. AAt its boiling point, a l ll liquid changes into a g gg gas is called Vaporization. d.Evaporation when a l ll liquid changes from a l iquid to a g gg gas with out reaching its boiling point.

28. e.C o n d e n s a t i o n p r o c e s s w h e r e w ww w a t e r v a p o r c h a n g e s t o a l ll l i q u i d. f.Sublimation process where i ii ice changes directly to a g gg gas with out changing to a liquid first. Example comet

29. B- Temperature Does Not Change During Phase Changes 1.L atent heat or hidden heat is the energy needed to change a s ss substance from one p pp physical state to another. TThe t tt temperature does not change as long as the m mm melting or f ff freezing continues.