1. Institute for Visualization and Perception Research 1 © Copyright 2000-2010 Haim Levkowitz Graphics Systems Overview Video display devices … Input devices … Hard-copy devices Graphics software...

2. Institute for Visualization and Perception Research 2 © Copyright 2000-2010 Haim Levkowitz Video display devices … CRTs … Raster-scan displays … Vector displays … Graphics displays, monitors, workstations...

3. Institute for Visualization and Perception Research 3 © Copyright 2000-2010 Haim Levkowitz CRTs … Magnetic deflection Accelerating anode Electrostatic deflection Phosphor persistence Intensity distribution Resolution Aspect ratio

4. Institute for Visualization and Perception Research 4 © Copyright 2000-2010 Haim Levkowitz Magnetic deflection

5. Institute for Visualization and Perception Research 5 © Copyright 2000-2010 Haim Levkowitz Accelerating anode

6. Institute for Visualization and Perception Research 6 © Copyright 2000-2010 Haim Levkowitz Electrostatic deflection

7. Institute for Visualization and Perception Research 7 © Copyright 2000-2010 Haim Levkowitz Phosphor persistence

8. Institute for Visualization and Perception Research 8 © Copyright 2000-2010 Haim Levkowitz Intensity distribution

9. Institute for Visualization and Perception Research 9 © Copyright 2000-2010 Haim Levkowitz Resolution

10. Institute for Visualization and Perception Research 10 © Copyright 2000-2010 Haim Levkowitz Aspect ratio

11. Institute for Visualization and Perception Research 11 © Copyright 2000-2010 Haim Levkowitz Raster-scan displays... Pixel Scan line Frame buffer Bitmap/pixmap Scan & retrace … Frame timing …

12. Institute for Visualization and Perception Research 12 © Copyright 2000-2010 Haim Levkowitz Scan & retrace Horizontal Vertical Interlace vs. non interlace …

13. Institute for Visualization and Perception Research 13 © Copyright 2000-2010 Haim Levkowitz Interlace vs. non interlace 2:1 vs. random

14. Institute for Visualization and Perception Research 14 © Copyright 2000-2010 Haim Levkowitz Frame timing … Retrace: V: 1.3 mSec; H: 10 micro Sec. Sync pulse every: V: 1/60 Sec.; H: 63.5 micro Sec. 525 scan lines (RS 170 video standard) 1st 21: V blanked ==> 483 displayed 53 microSec./scan line 512 pixels ==> 100 nSec./pixel 512 x 1024 ==> 50 nSec./pixel 1024 x 1024 ==> 25 nSec./pixel

15. Institute for Visualization and Perception Research 15 © Copyright 2000-2010 Haim Levkowitz Frame buffer … Simple: Frame buffer is part of system memory... Dedicated frame buffer … Video controller … Display processor …

16. Institute for Visualization and Perception Research 16 © Copyright 2000-2010 Haim Levkowitz Simple: Frame buffer is part of system memory

17. Institute for Visualization and Perception Research 17 © Copyright 2000-2010 Haim Levkowitz Dedicated frame buffer

18. Institute for Visualization and Perception Research 18 © Copyright 2000-2010 Haim Levkowitz Video controller

19. Institute for Visualization and Perception Research 19 © Copyright 2000-2010 Haim Levkowitz Display processor Scan conversion Characters: outline curves/pixel grids …

20. Institute for Visualization and Perception Research 20 © Copyright 2000-2010 Haim Levkowitz Characters: outline curves / pixel grids

21. Institute for Visualization and Perception Research 21 © Copyright 2000-2010 Haim Levkowitz Vector displays … Random-scan/stroke Line drawing Display list No shaded image Higher resolution Smooth lines (beam follows line)

22. Institute for Visualization and Perception Research 22 © Copyright 2000-2010 Haim Levkowitz Vector display example …

23. Institute for Visualization and Perception Research 23 © Copyright 2000-2010 Haim Levkowitz Graphics displays, monitors, workstations … Direct view storage tubes … Color CRT monitors … Flat-panel displays … Three-dimensional viewing devices Stereoscopic and virtual-reality systems

24. Institute for Visualization and Perception Research 24 © Copyright 2000-2010 Haim Levkowitz Direct view storage tubes Store in CRT 2 guns Primary: Store Flood: Maintain Advantages No refresh ==> High res’n, no flicker Disadvantages No color/selective erase; slow

25. Institute for Visualization and Perception Research 25 © Copyright 2000-2010 Haim Levkowitz Color CRT monitors … Shadow mask Composite RGB 24 bits/pixel +16 Million colors Full-/true-color

26. Institute for Visualization and Perception Research 26 © Copyright 2000-2010 Haim Levkowitz Delta-delta

27. Institute for Visualization and Perception Research 27 © Copyright 2000-2010 Haim Levkowitz Flat-panel displays Emissive … Nonemissive...

28. Institute for Visualization and Perception Research 28 © Copyright 2000-2010 Haim Levkowitz Emissive … Electricity --> light Plasma … Thin-film electroluminescent … LED Flat CRTs Electron beams accelerated parallel to screen

29. Institute for Visualization and Perception Research 29 © Copyright 2000-2010 Haim Levkowitz Plasma … Gas-discharged “Sandwich” 2 glass plates Vertical ribbons Horizontal ribbons Mixture of gasses (neon) High brightness Monochrome

30. Institute for Visualization and Perception Research 30 © Copyright 2000-2010 Haim Levkowitz Thin-film electroluminescent … Similar to plasma Phosphor instead of gas Phosphor becomes conductor

31. Institute for Visualization and Perception Research 31 © Copyright 2000-2010 Haim Levkowitz Nonemissive Optical effects Sunlight / other source --> graphics pattern LCD...

32. Institute for Visualization and Perception Research 32 © Copyright 2000-2010 Haim Levkowitz LCD … Nematic (threadlike) liquid-crystal Polarized light Internal source / surrounding Passive-matrix... Active-matrix...

33. Institute for Visualization and Perception Research 33 © Copyright 2000-2010 Haim Levkowitz Passive- matrix … Align to block/transmit H + V rows of conductors Pixel: intersection of 2 conductors On: twist polarized light to pass Off: don’t twist ==> block Back lighting Color: triads/dyes

34. Institute for Visualization and Perception Research 34 © Copyright 2000-2010 Haim Levkowitz Active-matrix … Transistor at each pixel Thin film transistor Control voltage at pixel location Prevent charge from leaking

35. Institute for Visualization and Perception Research 35 © Copyright 2000-2010 Haim Levkowitz Three-dimensional viewing devices Varifocal mirror Other

36. Institute for Visualization and Perception Research 36 © Copyright 2000-2010 Haim Levkowitz Stereoscopic and virtual- reality systems Stereoscopic Eye separation Natural / mechanical aid Head-mounted displays Resolution “Legally blind” Affect on user

37. Institute for Visualization and Perception Research 37 © Copyright 2000-2010 Haim Levkowitz Input devices... Keyboards Mouse, Trackball & Spaceball, Joysticks Data glove Digitizers Image scanners Touch panels Light pens Voice systems

38. Institute for Visualization and Perception Research 38 © Copyright 2000-2010 Haim Levkowitz Graphics software Graphics pipeline … Coordinates representations … Transformation pipeline … Graphics functions Standards

39. Institute for Visualization and Perception Research 39 © Copyright 2000-2010 Haim Levkowitz Graphics pipeline …

40. Institute for Visualization and Perception Research 40 © Copyright 2000-2010 Haim Levkowitz Coordinate rep’s … Modeling / Local / Master (mc) World (wc) Physical device / screen (dc) Normalized device (nc)

41. Institute for Visualization and Perception Research 41 © Copyright 2000-2010 Haim Levkowitz Transformation pipeline … mc --> wc --> nc --> dc

42. Institute for Visualization and Perception Research 42 © Copyright 2000-2010 Haim Levkowitz Graphics functions Output primitives … Attributes … Transformations … Segmentation Objects, structures

43. Institute for Visualization and Perception Research 43 © Copyright 2000-2010 Haim Levkowitz Output primitives … Character string Geometric entities Point Line Curve Filled area (polygon, circle,...) General

44. Institute for Visualization and Perception Research 44 © Copyright 2000-2010 Haim Levkowitz Attributes Color Line style, thickness Text style Area-filling patterns

45. Institute for Visualization and Perception Research 45 © Copyright 2000-2010 Haim Levkowitz Transformations Geometric... Modeling... Viewing...

46. Institute for Visualization and Perception Research 46 © Copyright 2000-2010 Haim Levkowitz Geometric Translate Rotate Scale Sheer

47. Institute for Visualization and Perception Research 47 © Copyright 2000-2010 Haim Levkowitz Modeling Construct object / scene Object description Modeling coo’s

48. Institute for Visualization and Perception Research 48 © Copyright 2000-2010 Haim Levkowitz Viewing … Project view of picture Specify views Selected portion of output

49. Institute for Visualization and Perception Research 49 © Copyright 2000-2010 Haim Levkowitz Standards Portability Core GKS PHIGS, PHIGS+ … Language binding … Interface: CGI Store / transmit: CGM

50. Institute for Visualization and Perception Research 50 © Copyright 2000-2010 Haim Levkowitz PHIGS... Programmer’s Hierarchical Interactive Graphics Standard Extension of GKS Modeling Color Surface rendering Picture manipulation

51. Institute for Visualization and Perception Research 51 © Copyright 2000-2010 Haim Levkowitz PHIGS+ 3-D surface shading extension

52. Institute for Visualization and Perception Research 52 © Copyright 2000-2010 Haim Levkowitz Language binding … Syntax to access standard graphics functions from a particular language