1. Susan O’Shea The Mitchell Centre for Social Network Analysis CCSR/Social Statistics, University of Manchester susan.o’shea@manchester.ac.uk

2. 10/11/2015 2 Susan O'Shea, University of Manchester. susan.o'shea@manchester.ac.uk 5th ESRC Research Methods Festival, 2-5 July 2012 What is Network Analysis? Network analysis is the study of social relations among a set of actors. Social relations can be thought of as dyadic attributes. Types of Network Analysis Ego network analysis: Respondents are asked about the people they interact with and the relationships between them. Data can be collected via observation, archives (including facebook) and surveys. Used in conjunction with random sampling, which enables classical statistical techniques to be used to test hypotheses. Complete network analysis: tries to obtain all the relationships among a set of respondents, e.g. Friendships of co-workers Difficulties with missing data and autocorrelation. Statistical modelling can help with these issues.

3. 10/11/2015 3 Susan O'Shea, University of Manchester. susan.o'shea@manchester.ac.uk 5th ESRC Research Methods Festival, 2-5 July 2012 Connections Homophily: Birds of a feather flock together. The extent to which actors form ties with similar versus dissimilar others. Similarity can be defined by gender, race, age, occupation, educational achievement, status, values or any other salient characteristic. Mutuality/Reciprocity: Is the relationship between two actors reciprocated, for example friendship. Possibility of cognitive dissonance. Common concept in the analysis of social capital. Network Closure: Friends of friends are my friends too. This is known as transitivity. Network closure is a measure of the occurrence of triads within the network.

4. 10/11/2015 4 Susan O'Shea, University of Manchester. susan.o'shea@manchester.ac.uk 5th ESRC Research Methods Festival, 2-5 July 2012 Distributions Density: Direct ties in a network relative to the total number possible Centrality: a set of measures examining the influence or importance of a particular node within the network. Distance: The smallest number of ties required to connect two actors The idea of ‘six degrees of separation’ or small world effect Bridge: An actor providing the only link between two individuals or clusters Structural holes: The absence of ties between two parts of a network. Useful concept for social capital; has business applications Tie Strength: Strong ties associated with homophily; weak ties with bridges

5. 10/11/2015 5 Susan O'Shea, University of Manchester. susan.o'shea@manchester.ac.uk 5th ESRC Research Methods Festival, 2-5 July 2012  Exploratory analysis  Provides qualitative information  Allows us represent complex information visually However:  Must be effective  Should be valid  Can be misleading  Open to interpretation Visualizing Networks

6. 10/11/2015 6 Susan O'Shea, University of Manchester. susan.o'shea@manchester.ac.uk Nodes: Represent actors Edges: Represent relationships (Ties)  Attribute based  We use the attributes of the nodes to position them e.g. gender  Scaling methods  We use known or derived distances, e.g. Cities, countries  Graph theoretic  We use properties of the network (density, closure etc.) 5th ESRC Research Methods Festival, 2-5 July 2012

7. 10/11/2015 7 Susan O'Shea, University of Manchester. susan.o'shea@manchester.ac.uk Blocks and cut-points Courtney Love link between dense sub-cliques. Patty Schemel link between groups. Played with Hole and is currently involved with Rock Camp for Girls. Corin Tucker, Kathleen Hanna, Allison Wolf and Tobi Vail bridging the network. Affiliation network 129 Riot Grrrl bands 534 actors 5th ESRC Research Methods Festival, 2-5 July 2012

8. 10/11/2015 8 Susan O'Shea, University of Manchester. susan.o'shea@manchester.ac.uk 5th ESRC Research Methods Festival, 2-5 July 2012 Who is important in a network & does structure matter? Centrality is a measure of how a node’s importance is determined by network structure and position With UCINET Under Network | Centrality Degree Closeness Betweeness Eigenvector With NetDraw Under Analyze | Centrality https://sites.google.com/site/ucinetsoftware/home

9. 10/11/2015 9 Susan O'Shea, University of Manchester. susan.o'shea@manchester.ac.uk 5th ESRC Research Methods Festival, 2-5 July 2012 What are Ego Networks?  An ego network is a network focused on a single actor (e.g. a person), referred to as the ‘ego’  Information on his/her ‘alters’ is gathered (e.g. Friends)  Usually alter to alter relationships are collected  Where possible attribute data on ego and alters is gathered

10. 10/11/2015 10 Susan O'Shea, University of Manchester. susan.o'shea@manchester.ac.uk Ego networks Left - Courtney Love & Patty Schemel; Right – Corin, Kathleen, Allison & Tobi This reflects a division between Riot Grrrl Activism and DIY music and more ‘professional’ commercial music represented by Patty and Courtney. There are also more men in the ego networks of these two actors. 5th ESRC Research Methods Festival, 2-5 July 2012

11. 10/11/2015 11 Susan O'Shea, University of Manchester. susan.o'shea@manchester.ac.uk 5th ESRC Research Methods Festival, 2-5 July 2012 Cohesive subgroups Areas of the network in which actors are more closely related to each other than actors outside the group It is a concept not a formal definition Based on relations rather than attributes e.g. Collaboration networks, close friends Clique is a cohesive subgroup with at least 3 members and

12. 10/11/2015 12 Susan O'Shea, University of Manchester. susan.o'shea@manchester.ac.uk Friends T1 Close friends T1

13. 10/11/2015 13 Susan O'Shea, University of Manchester. susan.o'shea@manchester.ac.uk Friends T3

14. 10/11/2015 14 Susan O'Shea, University of Manchester. susan.o'shea@manchester.ac.uk Ladyfest Ten network all nominations at 3 time points including shared activities and events after the festival

15. 10/11/2015 15 Susan O'Shea, University of Manchester. susan.o'shea@manchester.ac.uk 5th ESRC Research Methods Festival, 2-5 July 2012 Analysing your own Facebook Ego Network 1. Go to http://apps.facebook.com/namegenweb 4. Open up notepad, this is in All Programs>Accessories (you can use word but you must save the file as a plain text file) 5. Copy and paste the downloaded file (which should be open) into notepad. Save the file as something like myfacebook. 6. Start up UCINET and click Data>import text file>dl and enter your file, that is myfacebook 7. Your data should now be in UCINET and you can view it in Netdraw. 2. Click on UCInet - log into your facebook account 3. The app will download a file, this takes a few minutes