2. DNA Technology

3. I. Genes in action Mutation – Change in structure or amount of genetic material of an organism. Change in DNA sequence. * Most genetic differences result from some kind of genetic mutation. Ex. brown vs blue eye color

7. Mutagens Environmental factors which increase mutation rates. Include forms of radiation and some kinds of chemicals Ex: UV radiation and skin cancer, Cigarette smoke and lung cancer

9. Results of Genetic Change 1) Harmful – Sickle cell, Tay-Sachs, Cystic Fibrosis 2) Beneficial - Larger crops, resistance to pesticides 3) Neutral – No change in organism* * most common

10. Results of Genetic Change 1) Harmful – Sickle cell, Tay-Sachs, Cystic Fibrosis 2) Beneficial - Larger crops, resistance to pesticides 3) Neutral – No change in organism* * most common

11. Sickle Cell Anemia

12. Tay-Sachs Disease

16. 2 Types of Mutations 1) Somatic cells (Body cells) –Ex: Cancer, tumors, warts 2)Germ cells (Gametes) * * Only mutations in Germ cells (gametes) can be inherited

19. II. Gene Technology Genome – All the DNA an organism has within its chromosomes Human Genome Project – Identified all the human genes on each of the 46 chromosomes

22. A) Genetic Engineering Genetic Engineering The deliberate change of genetic material of an organism. Copies of a gene from one organism are inserted into another The presence of a fluorescent component in the bioluminescent organs of Aequorea victoria jellyfish

24. Recombinant DNA Recombinant DNA is DNA that has been recombined by genetic engineering. New organisms are called recombinants, transgenics, or GMO’s (genetically modified organisms) A tobacco plant that has been genetically engineered with a fluorescent gene that causes it to glow...

26. Recombinants, transgenics, or GMO’s (genetically modified organisms)

27. Genetic Engineering process: 1)Restriction enzymes cut DNA samples from an organism’s chromosome and bacterial plasmid. 2)The two DNA are spliced together with a special ligase enzyme.

28. Genetic Engineering process: 1)Restriction enzymes cut DNA samples from an organism’s chromosome and bacterial plasmid. 2)The two DNA are spliced together with a special ligase enzyme.

29. Genetic Engineering process: 1)Restriction enzymes cut DNA samples from an organism’s chromosome and bacterial plasmid. 2)The two DNA are spliced together with a special ligase enzyme.

30. Genetic Engineering process: 3) The recombinant DNA plasmid is placed in a host bacteria 4) When the bacteria reproduces and divides the “new” gene is present

31. Genetic Engineering process: 3) The recombinant DNA plasmid is placed in a host bacteria 4) When the bacteria reproduces and divides the “new” gene is present

32. Genetic Engineering process: 3) The recombinant DNA plasmid is placed in a host bacteria 4) When the bacteria reproduces and divides the “new” gene is present

41. Genetic Engineering application Food crops, livestock, medical treatment (insulin), basic research

42. The presence of a fluorescent component in the bioluminescent organs of Aequorea victoria jellyfish

48. B) DNA fingerprinting Process: 1) A collected DNA sample is cut into fragments using restriction enzymes. 2) Special polymerase enzymes create several batches of the sample DNA

49. B) DNA fingerprinting Process: 1) A collected DNA sample is cut into fragments using restriction enzymes. 2) Special polymerase enzymes create several batches of the sample DNA

50. B) DNA fingerprinting Process: 3) The DNA fragments are sorted by an electrical impulse technique called gel electrophoresis 4) Exposure to photographic or X-ray film reveals the single strands. Each person’s DNA makes a unique pattern

51. B) DNA fingerprinting Process: 3) The DNA fragments are sorted by an electrical impulse technique called gel electrophoresis 4) Exposure to photographic or X-ray film reveals the single strands. Each person’s DNA makes a unique pattern

52. B) DNA fingerprinting Process: 3) The DNA fragments are sorted by an electrical impulse technique called gel electrophoresis 4) Exposure to photographic or X-ray film reveals the single strands. Each person’s DNA makes a unique pattern

58. DNA fingerprinting Application: DNA fingerprints can be compared to determine if samples are from the same person or related ancestry. Used to ID criminals, family members, deceased bodies

59. DNA fingerprinting Application: DNA fingerprints can be compared to determine if samples are from the same person or related ancestry. Used to ID criminals, family members, deceased bodies

63. It is easy to see in this example that daughter 2 is the child from the mother’s previous marriage and son 2 is adopted. You can see that both daughter 1 and son 1 share RFLPs with both the mom and dad (coloured blue and yellow respectively), while daughter 2 has RFLPs of the mom but not the dad, and son 2 does not have RFLPs from either parent.

64. C) Cloning Cloning – An organism or piece of genetic material that is identical to the original or parent organism. Process where a single cell becomes a whole identical organism

67. Fig. 20-16 EXPERIMENT Transverse section of carrot root 2-mg fragments Fragments were cultured in nu- trient medium; stirring caused single cells to shear off into the liquid. Single cells free in suspension began to divide. Embryonic plant developed from a cultured single cell. Plantlet was cultured on agar medium. Later it was planted in soil. A single somatic carrot cell developed into a mature carrot plant. RESULTS

68. Fig. 20-17 EXPERIMENT Less differ- entiated cell RESULTS Frog embryo Frog egg cell UV Donor nucleus trans- planted Frog tadpole Enucleated egg cell Egg with donor nucleus activated to begin development Fully differ- entiated (intestinal) cell Donor nucleus trans- planted Most develop into tadpoles Most stop developing before tadpole stage

70. Fig. 20-18 TECHNIQUE Mammary cell donor RESULTS Surrogate mother Nucleus from mammary cell Cultured mammary cells Implanted in uterus of a third sheep Early embryo Nucleus removed Egg cell donor Embryonic development Lamb (“Dolly”) genetically identical to mammary cell donor Egg cell from ovary Cells fused Grown in culture 1 3 3 4 5 6 2

71. Cloning Natural cloning – Asexual reproduction in bacteria, budding of parts in some plants and fungi, vegetative propagation of new plants from parts

73. Any plans for today? Yeah! I’m going fission! Hey Bud, What’s up? Not much! Hey Bud! What Spud? Hi Mom! It’s me, You!

74. Any plans for today ? Yeah! I’m going fission!

75. Hey Bud, What’s up? Not much!

76. Hey Bud! What Spud?

77. Hi Mom! It’s me, You!

78. D) Stem cells Stem cells – cells that continually divide and form various tissues. Found in embryo and some tissues –Application: Can be used to produce or replace damaged nerve, muscle, blood, or

79. D) Stem cells Stem cells – cells that continually divide and form various tissues. Found in embryo and some tissues –Application: Can be used to produce or replace damaged nerve, muscle, blood, or

80. D) Stem cells Stem cells – cells that continually divide and form various tissues. Found in embryo and some tissues –Application: Can be used to produce or replace damaged nerve, muscle, blood, or