1. PowerPoint ® Lecture Slides prepared by Leslie Hendon, University of Alabama, Birmingham HUMAN ANATOMY fifth edition MARIEB | MALLATT | WILHELM 1 Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Human Body: An Orientation PART 3

2. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Abdominal Regions and Quadrants  Abdominal regions divide the abdomen into nine regions  Abdominal quadrants divide the abdomen into four quadrants  Right upper and left upper quadrants  Right lower and left lower quadrants

3. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Abdominal Regions Figure 1.12a, b

4. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Abdominal Quadrants Figure 1.12c

5. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Microscopic Anatomy  Microscopy – examining small structures through a microscope  Light microscopy illuminates tissue with a beam of light (lower magnification)  Electron microscopy uses beams of electrons (higher magnification)

6. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Microscopic Anatomy Figure 1.13

7. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Microscopic Anatomy  Preparing human tissue for microscopy  Specimen is fixed (preserved) and sectioned  Specimen is stained to distinguish anatomical structures  Acidic stain – negatively charged dye molecules  Basic stain – positively charged dye molecules

8. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Microscopic Anatomy  Scanning electron microscopy  Heavy metal salt stain – deflects electrons in the beam to different extents  Artifacts  Minor distortions of preserved tissues  Not exactly like living tissues and organs

9. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Clinical Anatomy – An Introduction to Medical Imaging Techniques  X ray – electromagnetic waves of very short length  Best for visualizing bones and abnormal dense structures Figure 1.14

10. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Clinical Anatomy – An Introduction to Medical Imaging Techniques  Variations of X ray  Fluoroscope – images are viewed on a fluorescent screen  Allows viewing of internal organs as they move  Cineradiography – uses X-ray cinema film to record organ movements

11. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Here’s the big question:  Can anyone diagnose the condition of the person on the next slide?

12. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

13. Advanced X-Ray Techniques  Computed (axial) tomography (CT or CAT) – takes successive X rays around a person's full circumference  Translates recorded information into a detailed picture of the body section

14. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Advanced X-Ray Techniques  Digital subtraction angiography (DSA) imaging provides an unobstructed view of small arteries  DSA is often used to identify blockages of arteries that supply the heart or brain

15. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Advanced X-Ray Techniques  Positron emission tomography (PET) – forms images by detecting radioactive isotopes injected into the body  Sonography (ultrasound imaging) – body is probed with pulses of high-frequency sound waves that echo off the body's tissues  Imaging technique used to determine the age of a developing fetus

16. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Advanced X-Ray Techniques  Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) – produces high-quality images of soft tissues  Distinguishes body tissues based on relative water content Figure 1.19a