1.  Design of a Vertical-Axis Wind Turbine MUN VAWT DESIGN Group 11 Jonathan Clarke Luke Hancox Daniel MacKenzie Matthew Whelan

2. Agenda  Phase 1 Recap  Aerodynamic Analysis  Structural Analysis  Regulations  Environment  Economic Analysis  Progress Image Credits: The Telegram

3. Phase I Recap  Design a vertical-axis wind turbine for operation in remote communities in Newfoundland and Labrador  The design will  Work in conjunction with diesel generators  Be simple in design  Produce sufficient energy to offset fuel costs  Allow for transportation by boat to remote areas  3-bladed H-rotor configuration with DU 06-W-200 airfoils

4. Aerodynamic Analysis  Preliminary sizing: 320 m 2 swept area  From wind power density formula: W/m 2 = ½ ρ avg C P V 3  Various aspect ratios were tested  Optimal was 1.25 : 1 (H/D)  Software used for analytical evaluation: QBlade  Uses the double-multiple streamtube method  Computes VAWT performance at a range of operating conditions  Does not account for tower wake or dynamic stall

5. Aerodynamic Results Cut-In Speed: 7 km/h (2 m/s) Max Power: 130 kW @ 50 km/h (14 m/s) Cut-Out Speed: 94 km/h (26 m/s) Rated Power: 100 kW @ 40 km/h (11 m/s)  QBlade results scaled to correct for software limitations  Turbine governed to 35 RPM to reduce loads on shaft and structure  Estimated annual output: 300 MWh  6 m/s average wind speed

6. Structural Design – Drive Shaft  Material will be AISI 4340 since it is commonly used for large drive shafts  Shaft will be hollow to reduce weight and reduce material costs  Stress in the shaft was calculated due to the maximum torque (~100 000 N-m)  The shaft will have an outer diameter of 30 cm and a thickness of 2 cm  Gives a safety factor of 4.9

7. Structural Design – Tower  A35 structural steel was selected as it is typical for larger structures  The tower was analyzed as a vertical hollow cylinder subjected to wind loads and the weight of the VAWT itself  The distributed wind load on the tower in N/m is:

8. Structural Design – Tower  The tower will have an inner diameter of at least 2 meters and a wall thickness of 0.0254 m (1 inch)  Using the Von Mises yield criterion on the bending, axial and shear stresses, the maximum stress was 25 MPa  Minimum safety factor of 10

9. Structural Design – Blades  Subject to distributed lift and drag forces along the length of the blade  Max bending moment will occur half way between the supports

10. Structural Design – Blades  Von-Mises stresses were calculated at various points around the airfoil  Max stress of 5.3 MPa when the azimuth angle is 27.5 degrees  Max stress allowed for selection of composite material

11. Regulations  IEC 61400-1  Outlines minimum design requirements  20 year design life Wind Turbine ClassIIIIIIS Vref (m/s)5042.537.5 Special cases A Iref0.16 B Iref0.14 C Iref0.12

12. Regulations  Normal operation:  Normal turbulence  Extreme turbulence  Start up & shut down:  Normal wind profile  Extreme operating gust  Parked:  Extreme wind speed

13. Environment  0.01 – 0.02 % annual avian collision fatalities  Average 8.2 bird deaths/turbine annually  Location dependent  0 – 27 bird deaths/turbine annually

14. Economic Analysis  Estimated Capital Cost  $500 000.00  Quotes  Annual Maintenance Cost  VAWT Turbine - $10 000.00  Diesel Generators - $20 000.00  Projected Fuel Cost in 2015  $3 600 000.00  Payoff Period  3 Years  Installation of 5 turbines will cut cost by 15%

15. Project Status On schedule Structural FEA Ahead of schedule Aerodynamic Modelling - CFD Delayed Priority given to economic analysis Detailed Vibrational Analysis Ahead of schedule Detailed Mechanical Design On schedule Detailed CAD Model Ahead of schedule Economic Analysis On schedule Preliminary Structural Design On schedule Aerodynamic Modelling - QBlade Delayed Priority given to economic analysis Preliminary Vibrational Analysis On Schedule Preliminary CAD Model Delayed Waiting on vendors Selection of Generator Phase II Phase III

16.  MUN VAWT DESIGN ENGI 8926 Mechanical Design Project II QUESTIONS? http://www.munvawtdesign.weebly.com Acknowledgements: Thank you to Dr. Sam Nakhla for guidance on structural analysis.