2. SHOW ME A PILOT THAT CAN’T PERFORM A GIVEN TASK, & I’LL SHOW YOU A PILOT THAT DOESN’T:

3. KNOW UNDERSTAND APPLY CORRELLATE

4. WHAT HE/SHE IS TRYING TO “ACCOMPLISH”

5. BY DIEGO M. ALFONSO SR.

6. WHAT IS APPLIED AERODYNAMICS?

7. TO BE ABLE TO CORRELATE THE EFFECTS OF THE AERODYNAMIC FORCES ACTING ON AN AIRCRAFT. LEFT OF COURSE IFR APPROACHES VFR X-COUNTRY GYROSCOPIC EFFECT OF THE PROPELLER

8. DEVELOPS A FEEL FOR FLYING. THE TWO GROUPS OF PILOTS ALWAYS CORRECTING FOR THINGS ALWAYS ANTICIPATING THINGS KNOWLEDGE OF APPLIED AERODYNAMICS

9. PERFORMING CHANDELLES LAZY EIGHTS EIGHT ON PYLONS GOING THROUGH THE MOTIONS AIRLINE PILOTS

10. I AM NOT AN AERODYNAMICIST I FAILED MATH NO FANCY EQUATIONS

11. THIS DISCUSSION WILL BE VERY BASIC. APOLOGIES ARE IN ORDER FOR THE ADVANCED PILOTS.

12. THIS DISCUSSION IS BASED ON SUBSONIC AIRCRAFT.

13. THE BASIC COMPONENT IN AERODYNAMICS

14. AIR HAS WEIGHT

15. THE AIRCRAFT DOES NOT KNOWS WHERE THE AIR MASS IS COMING FROM

16. IT ONLY KNOWS RELATIVE WIND

17. WEATHERVANING

18. IF AIRBORNE HOW MUCH RUDDER & AILERONS?

19. IF AIRBORNE WHICH WAY WILL IT WEATHERVANE?

20. IF ON THE GROUND WHICH WAY WILL IT WEATHERVANE?

23. IF ON TAKEOFF HOW MUCH RUDDER & AILERONS?

24. “LIFT”

25. THIS DISCUSSION ASSUMES KNOWLEDGE OF:

26. PARTS OF AN AIRFOIL RELATIVE WIND ANGLE OF ATTACK

27. AIRFOILS AIRPLANE WING. PROPELLER. ROTOR BLADE.

28. HOW IS LIFT CREATED?

29. BERNOULLI'S PRINCIPLE

30. WHAT’S WRONG WITH THIS PICTURE?

31. SIR ISAAC NEWTON LAWS OF MOTION

32. 3. FOR EVERY ACTION THERE IS AN EQUAL AND OPPOSITE REACTION

37. WHY USE BERNOULLI'S PRINCIPLE?

39. AIR DEFLECTOR AN AIRFOIL IS AN

41. BASEBALL TENNIS GOLF

44. INDUCED DRAG

45. THE INSTRUCTOR CAN’T EXPLAIN

46. WHAT IS IT?

47. IT IS THE BYPRODUCT OF LIFT

48. LIFT ACTS PERPENDICULAR TO THE RELATIVE WIND AND THE LATERAL AXIS OF THE AIRPLANE. “WING”

54. THE ANGLE BETWEEN AVERAGE RELATIVE WIND AND THE REMOTE FREE STREAM IS TERMED INDUCED ANGLE OF ATTACK

55. INDUCED DRAG INCREASES AT THE WING TIPS.

57. GROUND EFFECT ALSO KNOWN AS “T EFFECT”

58. WHAT IS IT?

59. GROUND INTERFERENCE THAT MODIFIES THE AVERAGE RELATIVE WIND AND SHIFTS THE LIFT VECTOR FORWARD AND CLOSER TO THE VERTICAL

60. OUT OF GROUND EFFECT IN GROUND EFFECT

62. THREE FACTORS ARE AFFECTED BY GROUND EFFECT. INDUCED RELATIVE WIND. DOWNWARD DEFLECTION OF AIR. WING TIP VORTICES.

64. WHAT DO THE AILERONS DO?

65. THE RUDDER WHAT DOES IT DO?

66. WHAT DO THE ELEVATORS DO?

67. WHAT DOES THE HORIZONTAL STABILAZER DO? FORWARD CG REARWARD CG. CENTER CG.

68. WHAT DO THE STABILATOR DO?

69. WHAT DOES THE ANTI-SERVO TAB DO?

71. THE CLIMB?

72. WHY APPLYING POWER FIRST IS NOT RECOMMENDED?

73. WHAT HAPPENS WHEN YOU PITCH UP?

75. A-MORE THAN 2,000 lbs. B- LESS THAN 2,000 lbs. C- JUST 2,000 lbs.

77. WHY DOES THE AIRPLANE SLOWS DOWN ON A CLIMB?

78. RECOVERY FROM A CLIMB.

79. ATTITUDE AIRSPEED POWER TRIM

80. IF DESCENDING 60 DEGREES BANK HOW MANY G ’S?

81. OVERBANKING TENDENCY

82. LEVEL TURNS SHALLOW BANK LESS THAN APPROXIMATELY 20° MEDIUM BANK APPROXIMATELY 20° TO 45° STEEP 45° OR MORE

83. CLIMBING TURNS

84. NOTE THE POSITION OF THE STICK OR YOKE WHILE IN A STEEP TURN

85. ADVERSE YAW

86. HOW TO RECOVER IF LOOSING ALTITUDE DURING A STEEP TURN?

87. HOW TO RECOVER IF GAINING ALTITUDE DURING A STEEP TURN?

88. WHY?

89. WHEN IN A DESCENDING TURN YOU ARE NOT PULLING UP, YOU ARE MAKING A TIGHT TURN.

90. STALL AERODYNAMICS

91. PITCH TO AN ATTITUDE THAT WILL INDUCE A STALL

92. STALLING AT A SHALLOW ANGLE IN RELATION TO THE HORIZON

93. STALLS ARE OUR BEST FRIENDS.

94. WHAT IS A STALL? AN AERODYNAMIC RELIEF VALVE

95. WHY NOSE DOWN FIRST THEN POWER?

96. RECOVERY: WITHOUT POWER “TRAINING ONLY”

97. WHAT HAPPENS IF YOU DON’T RECOVER FROM A STALL?

98. MANEUVERING SPEED VA

99. FACTS ABOUT VA

100. WHY IS Va A SLOWER AIRSPEED WHEN THE AIRPLANE IS LIGHTER ?

101. TO HAVE A GREATER ANGLE OF ATTACK.

102. INCREASE IN WEIGHT INCREASES STALL SPEED.

103. DECREASE IN WEIGHT DECREASES STALL SPEED.

105. VA IS HALF THE LOAD FACTOR TIMES VS

106. THE LOAD FACTOR USED NOW IS 3.8, SO HALF THE LOAD FACTOR IS 1.9.

107. THE EQUATION IS 1.9 X VS = VA.

108. AN A/C @ 3,900 # STALLS @ 80 MPH 1.9X80MPH=152 MPH

109. AN A/C @3000 # STALLS @ 65 MPH 1.9 X 65 = 123 MPH

110. VS FOR THIS EXAMPLE IS 80 MPH. 1.9 X 80 = 152 MPH.

111. SLOW FLIGHT STALL BEFORE EXCEEDING LOAD FACTOR