1. Criminal Justice and Moral Reasoning 3/29/2012

2. Learning Objectives Use knowledge and analyses of social problems to evaluate public policy, and to suggest policy alternatives, with special reference to questions of social justice, the common good, and public and individual responsibility. Critically analyze social problems by identifying value perspectives and applying concepts of sociology, political science, and economics;

3. Opportunities to discuss course content Today-11-2 Monday 10-2

4. The Problem of Recidivism The Repeat of an Offense 2/3-3/4 are RecidivistsRecidivists – Parole, Probation and Rehabilitation do not seem to work.

5. What can We do? Broad Social Reform More Money for Rehabilitation These are unlikely

6. Legalizing/Decriminalizing Victimless Crimes Minor Drug offenses It sends a message that society tolerates and supports such activities

7. Alternatives to prisons Current system is very expensive More unconditional releases More House arrests

8. Make people less of a target Better home/personal security Decrease environmental opportunities. – More camerascameras – More Police – More lights

9. THINGS TO UNDERSTAND ABOUT MLA

10. Formatting the 1st Page No title page Double space everything In the upper left corner of the 1st page, list your name, your instructor's name, the course, and date Center the paper title Create a header in the upper right corner at half inch from the top and one inch from the right of the page (include your last name and page number)

11. Sample 1st Page

12. IN THE BODY OF THE PAPER

13. Format: General Guidelines Use 12 pt. Times New Roman font (or similar font) Leave only one space after punctuation Set all margins to 1 inch on all sides Indent the first line of paragraphs one half-inch Page Numbers on all pages

14. Formatting Short Quotations In-text Examples: According to some, dreams express "profound aspects of personality" (Foulkes 184), though others disagree. According to Foulkes's study, dreams may express "profound aspects of personality" (184). Is it possible that dreams may express "profound aspects of personality" (Foulkes 184)? Cullen concludes, "Of all the things that happened there / That's all I remember" (11- 12).

15. Formatting Long Quotations In-text Example: Nelly Dean treats Heathcliff poorly and dehumanizes him throughout her narration: They entirely refused to have it in bed with them, or even in their room, and I had no more sense, so, I put it on the landing of the stairs, hoping it would be gone on the morrow. By chance, or else attracted by hearing his voice, it crept to Mr. Earnshaw's door, and there he found it on quitting his chamber. Inquiries were made as to how it got there; I was obliged to confess, and in recompense for my cowardice and inhumanity was sent out of the house. (Bronte 78)

16. WORKS CITED

17. Works Cited vs. Bibliography Works Cited – Includes only things cited or appearing in the text Bibliography – Everything you used for the paper – Even stuff that didn’t make the final cut MLA USES A WORKS CITED

18. Works Cited Page: The Basics Sample Works Cited page:

19. Dilemmas Paper II

20. About Paper 2 What it Contains – Revised Paper I paper – A critical analysis and a moral analysis of the Controversial Policy Solution 9-11 TOTAL Pages- 15 Works Cited Due in class on 4/12 Rubric

21. How it Should Be Organized Information From Paper I – Identification of the Social Problem – Scope of the Social Problem – Causes of the Social Problem – History of Policy on the Social Problem – Proposed Policy alternatives (including your solution)

22. On Revising Paper I Read through the rubric and see where you lost points – Get the easy points (MLA, Format, Grammar) – Add to your history section if it is lacking – Gather better data and evidence demonstrating it is a problem Make sure that you have clearly demonstrated that this is a social problem

23. New Information For Paper II I.Clearly identify and define your controversial policy solution “Should the Federal Government Raise the Retirement Age for Social Security” II.Pro and Con- Stakeholders, Positions and Arguments III.Stakeholder Values and Analysis IV.Analysis of Argumentation (in light of logic, evidence, and values held)

24. I. Stating the Controversial Solution Make sure you identify it as a normative question (should, ought) Describe what the policy intends to do (without bias) Describe how the policy might be implemented and by whom

25. II. Stakeholders Who are they (clearly identify them) What do they Want (issues and arguments for/against the policy) Why (evidence)

26. II. Identifying Stakeholders Relevant parties who answer your topic question ‘yes’ or ‘no.’ (your ‘Pro’ and ‘Con’ parties) Must be organized, or have some kind of power to effect change on the issue. (elected officials, organized interests, formal and informal governmental institutions)

27. II. Stakeholders in the Paper Your paper will have stakeholders on both sides For efficiency, you might give all those who hold one particular position or stance a label: like advocates of X, or opponents of X. – Opponents and proponents – Side A and Side B – Those for/Those against

28. II Stakeholder Issues and Arguments What do they want and why? Issues: Broad areas of dispute for and against the policy solution. (e.g. costs) Arguments: The actual reasons why a stakeholder believes we should or should not adopt the policy solution Do not make these up, but use research to uncover them.

29. II. Stakeholder Evidence What each side uses to SUPPORT its arguments Can include: – Statistical information – Case Studies – Studies (i.e. by industries, government organizations, scholars or universities) – Expert testimony (legitimate journalists, think tanks, members of congress) You will evaluate the evidence for its level of bias, quantity, quality, recent-ness, expertise.

30. III. Stakeholder Values and Evidence (moral reasoning) Using the methodology of "Obligations, Values, and Consequences" for ethical decision making, identify and discuss these aspects of both sides of the policy dilemma. Which side has a more moral argument This is the most difficult part of the paper

31. IV. Analysis of Argumentation Discuss the Strengths and weaknesses of each side of the debate "Which side has presented a stronger case and why?“ Avoid personal biases- judge their evidence, not what you want

32. MORAL REASONING

33. A methodology to help people deal with moral dilemmas The Key to doing well on paper 2

34. MORAL REASONING Value-laden, i.e., ethical, perspective Based on Ruggiero method

35. Moral Reasoning and Paper 2 Your paper has a value-laden problem Paper 2 uses moral reasoning to assess the moral components of each position Read the Handbook section on Moral Reasoning

36. Moral Reasoning Requirements for the American Dilemmas Project For Each Side in Paper 2 you must identify analyze for the proponents and opponents – The Obligations inherent in the position – The Values underlying the position – The potential consequences of the position – The position in terms of the normative principles and theories that support it

37. VALUES, OBLIGATIONS AND CONSEQUENCES The Heart of the Model

38. ACCEPTABLE CRITERIA FOR MORAL DECISION-MAKING Obligations Values Consequences Be sure to consider each criteria before making any moral decisions.

39. OBLIGATIONS Relationships imply obligations Obligations relate to governmental roles Obligations imply restrictions Formal – Contracts, vows Informal – Citizenship, friendship, family, professions

40. WHAT ARE VALUES ? Beliefs about what is good/desirable and bad/undesirable Guide us on how to behave Unique to each individual Change due to time, experience

41. Questions to Help identify Values What utility do those holding a side expect to achieve? What interest do those holding a given position wish to protect or gain? What harm do those holding a position wish to prevent?

42. CONSEQUENCES They are the projected results that might occur from any given action. Beneficial or detrimental Immediate or long-range Intentional or unintentional Involve the person performing the action and/or others

43. Measuring Consequences Difficult to predict because people behave irrationally Immoral Acts that produce good results – No Moral Acts that produce mixed consequences- maybe What if a choice must be made

44. Moral Reasoning and Dilemmas Don’t simply list the values, obligations and consequences Use the literature to justify these things for each side. Do not just assume that they believe it.

45. MAKING A MORAL DECISION

46. USING THE CRITERIA IN A SYSTEMATIC WAY 1.Study the details of the case 2.Identify the relevant criteria Obligations Values Consequences Identify the foundational values at play 3.Determine courses of action 4.Choose the most morally responsible action

47. USING THE CRITERIA IN A SYSTEMATIC WAY 1.Study the details of the case – sometimes there are not enough details to satisfy the three criteria. – Use creative thinking to speculate about possible answers, depending on different imagined details.

48. USING THE CRITERIA IN A SYSTEMATIC WAY 2. Identify the relevant criteria Here you should identify the obligations, values and consequences. Whom will they affect, in what way. Rank which of the three is most important in the given case. – Many times with public policy, you will find the consequences to be the most important.

49. USING THE CRITERIA IN A SYSTEMATIC WAY 3.Determine possible course of action- consider all the choices of action that are available. – It is only in rare circumstances that an individual has just one course of action. – E.g. adopt, reject the policy

50. USING THE CRITERIA IN A SYSTEMATIC WAY 4.Choose the action that is most morally responsible after reviewing the information above – No Set Formula – See which side wins the most important criteria – See which side wins the most criteria

51. Conclude by saying which side has the more “moral” argument