1. Mark Dixon, SoCCE SOFT 131Page 1 24 – Datatypes and Object Association

2. Mark Dixon, SoCCE SOFT 131Page 2 Session Aims & Objectives Aims –To introduce the idea of datatypes some of the more subtle aspects of object oriented design (such as object associations) Objectives, by end of this week’s sessions, you should be able to: –use datatypes to make you programs more memory efficient and faster –create a project with several associated objects

3. Mark Dixon, SoCCE SOFT 131Page 3 Data Types Variant – all types of data –slow, memory hungry Boolean – true or false Integer – whole numbers (-32768 to 32768) Long – whole numbers (large) Single – decimal numbers Double – decimal numbers (more precise) String – text Object – object instances

4. Mark Dixon, SoCCE SOFT 131Page 4 Data Type Selection Number ofe.g. 4 Integer/Long Rooms Heighte.g. 1.87m Single/Double Surnamee.g. Smith String Car Rege.g. XY55 ABC String

5. Mark Dixon, SoCCE SOFT 131Page 5 Using data types Variable declaration Dim x As Long Parameters Sub Thing(boo As String, y As Long) Functions Function IsTall() As Boolean

6. Mark Dixon, SoCCE SOFT 131Page 6 client-side vs. server-side code client-side code – only variant server-side code – all datatypes Dim x Dim y Dim s Dim b x = 23 y = 18.5 s = "Hello there" b = false Dim x As Long Dim y As Double Dim s As String Dim b As Boolean x = 23 y = 18.5 s = "Hello there" b = false

7. Mark Dixon, SoCCE SOFT 131Page 7 Object-Oriented Paradigm A program is made up of a number of objects that communicate with each other by passing messages Each object contains –attributes/properties that represent its state, and –operations/methods that represent its behaviour Objects often mirror the real world –Customers –Students –Patients

8. Mark Dixon, SoCCE SOFT 131Page 8 Classes and Instances Object Classes –general descriptions of types of objects, e.g. student, product, customer, lecturer, and room. Object Instances –specific items of a given class, e.g. each of you could be an instance of the student class Room 214 could be an instance of the room class I could be an instance of the lecturer class Bolt could be an instance of the part class

9. Mark Dixon, SoCCE SOFT 131Page 9 Object Concepts - Implementation Properties – implemented as –data structures (variables, arrays, and types). Methods – implemented as either –a procedure (to perform some processing), or –a function (to return a value). Object oriented paradigm builds on (rather than replaces) the structured paradigm

10. Mark Dixon, SoCCE SOFT 131Page 10 Class Diagrams Used to describe structure of object classes: Module Code: string Title: string GetTitle(): string SetTitle(t: string) Count(): integer Class Attributes/Properties Class Operations/Methods Class Name

11. Mark Dixon, SoCCE SOFT 131Page 11 Benefits of OOP in code Procedures and Functions are part of object –encapsulation Related Data and Operations together Private keyword – restrict access to data Clearer code Less prone to error

12. Mark Dixon, SoCCE SOFT 131Page 12 Class Module Public Code As String Public Title As String Public Function GetTitle() As string Public Sub SetTitle(t As String) Public Function Count() As Integer End Class Implementing Class Diagrams Module Code: String Title: String GetTitle(): string SetTitle(t: string) Count(): integer

13. Mark Dixon, SoCCE SOFT 131Page 13 Public and Private Control access to properties and methods Class a Public x As Single Private y As Single End Class Dim b As New a b.x = 5 b.y = 10 this works (x is public)  this will fail (y is private)

14. Mark Dixon, SoCCE SOFT 131Page 14 Example: Counter (html) Counter page

15. Mark Dixon, SoCCE SOFT 131Page 15 Example: Counter (code) Dim c As Object Dim msg As String Sub Main() If Session("c") Is Nothing Then Session("c") = New Counter Else c = Session("c") If Request.Form("btnReset") <> "" Then c.Reset() ElseIf Request.Form("btnUp") <> "" Then c.Up() ElseIf Request.Form("btnDown") <> "" Then c.Down() End If msg = c.GetCount() End If End Sub Class Counter Private mCount As Long Public Function GetCount() As Long GetCount = mCount End Function Public Sub Reset() mCount = 0 End Sub Public Sub Up() mCount = mCount + 1 End Sub Public Sub Down() mCount = mCount - 1 End Sub End Class Counter.vbs

16. Mark Dixon, SoCCE SOFT 131Page 16 Object Associations In practice projects will be made of –many object classes –that interact with each other (are associated) There are several types of association One of the most often used is the ‘part of’ association, –where one object class forms part of another object class A common example of this occurs where it is necessary to store multiple instances of a class

17. Mark Dixon, SoCCE SOFT 131Page 17 Example: Bar (Analysis) Scenario 1: small project, limited automation –Nouns: drinks, order, cost –Verbs: describe, calculate cost The students' Union bar needs a computer system for recording the purchase of drinks. Typically, a student will stagger to the bar and describe their order, consisting of one or (usually) more drinks. The bar staff will then prepare the drinks and calculate the cost of the order.

18. Mark Dixon, SoCCE SOFT 131Page 18 Example: Bar (Design v1) Object Classes, properties, and methods –Class diagram: Order mDrinks(): Drink Add(string, long) Remove(long) Display (): String Cost(): double Drink mType: String mQty: Long

19. Mark Dixon, SoCCE SOFT 131Page 19 Example: Bar (Drink module) Drink (class module): Class Drink Public mType As String Public mQty As Long End Class Drink mType: String mQty: Long

20. Mark Dixon, SoCCE SOFT 131Page 20 Example: Bar (Order module) Class Order Private mDrinks(9) As Drink Public Sub Add(tmpType As String, tmpQty As Long) Dim d As Long ' Find free slot. For d = 0 To 9 If mDrinks(d) Is Nothing Then Exit For End If Next ' Create object and store data. mDrinks(d) = New Drink mDrinks(d).mType = tmpType mDrinks(d).mQty = tmpQty End Sub End Class Order mDrinks(): Drink Add(string, long) Remove(long) Display (): String Cost(): double

21. Mark Dixon, SoCCE SOFT 131Page 21 Example: Bar (Order module) method (procedure) to display order's drinks in a list box Public Function Display() As String Dim d As Long Dim tmpStr As String tmpStr = "" For d = 0 To 9 If Not (mDrinks(d) Is Nothing) Then tmpStr = tmpStr & mDrinks(d).mQty & " " tmpStr = tmpStr & mDrinks(d).mType End If Next Display = tmpStr End Function Order mDrinks(): Drink Add(string, long) Remove(long) Display (): String Cost(): double

22. Mark Dixon, SoCCE SOFT 131Page 22 Example: Bar (Order module) method (procedure) to remove drink from order Public Sub Remove(d As Long) mDrinks(d) = Nothing End Sub Order mDrinks(): Drink Add(string, long) Remove(long) Display (ListBox) Cost(): double

23. Mark Dixon, SoCCE SOFT 131Page 23 Tutorial Exercise: Bar Task 1: Get the Bar example from the lecture working. Task 2: Modify your code – add code to calculate the cost of the order. This object method is not in the lecture notes – you need to create it (not necessarily on your own – discuss it with others, feel free to ask me for help). Task 3: What happens if the user tries to add more than 10 drinks? Modify your code to cope with this (you decide how it should respond). Task 4: What happens if the user tries to add a drink when none is selected (in the drinks list box)? Modify your code to cope with this. Task 5: What happens if the user tries to remove a drink when none is selected (in the order list box)? Modify your code to cope with this. Task 6: Modify your code – so that the cost is continuously calculated and there is no need for the cost button.