1. Recent Applications of Linear Programming in Memory of George Dantzig Yinyu Ye Department if Management Science and Engineering Stanford University ISMP 2006

2. Outline LP in Auction PricingLP in Auction Pricing –Parimutuel Call Auction Proving Theorems using LPProving Theorems using LP –Uncapacitated Facility Location –Core of Cooperative Game Applications of LP AlgorithmsApplications of LP Algorithms –Walras-Arrow-Debreu Equilibrium –Linear Conic Programming Photo Album of GeorgePhoto Album of George (Applications presented here are by no means complete)

3. Outline LP in Auction PricingLP in Auction Pricing –Parimutuel Call Auction Proving Theorems using LPProving Theorems using LP –Uncapacitated Facility Location –Core of Cooperative Game Applications of LP AlgorithmsApplications of LP Algorithms –Walras-Arrow-Debreu equilibrium –Linear Conic Programming Photo Album of GeorgePhoto Album of George

4. World Cup Betting Example Market for World Cup WinnerMarket for World Cup Winner –Assume 5 teams have a chance to win the 2006 World Cup: Argentina, Brazil, Italy, Germany and France –We’d like to have a standard payout of $1 if a participant has a claim where his selected team won Sample OrdersSample Orders Order Number Price Limit  Quantity Limit q ArgentinaBrazilItalyGermanyFrance 10.7510111 20.3551 30.4010111 40.95101111 50.75511

5. Markets for Contingent Claims A Contingent Claim MarketA Contingent Claim Market –S possible states of the world (one will be realized). –N participants who (say j), submit orders to a market organizer containing the following information: a i,j - State bid (either 1 or 0)a i,j - State bid (either 1 or 0) q j – Limit contract quantityq j – Limit contract quantity π j – Limit price per contractπ j – Limit price per contract –Call auction mechanism is used by one market organizer. –If orders are filled and correct state is realized, the organizer will pay the participant a fixed amount w for each winning contract. –The organizer would like to determine the following: p i – State pricep i – State price x j – Order fillx j – Order fill

6. Central Organization of the Market Belief-basedBelief-based Central organizer will determine prices for each state based on his beliefs of their likelihoodCentral organizer will determine prices for each state based on his beliefs of their likelihood This is similar to the manner in which fixed odds bookmakers operate in the betting worldThis is similar to the manner in which fixed odds bookmakers operate in the betting world Generally not self-fundingGenerally not self-funding ParimutuelParimutuel A self-funding technique popular in horseracing bettingA self-funding technique popular in horseracing betting

7. Parimutuel Methods DefinitionDefinition –Etymology: French pari mutuel, literally, mutual stake A system of betting on races whereby the winners divide the total amount bet, after deducting management expenses, in proportion to the sums they have wagered individually. Example: Parimutuel Horseracing BettingExample: Parimutuel Horseracing Betting Horse 1Horse 2Horse 3 Two winners earn $2 per bet plus stake back: Winners have stake returned then divide the winnings among themselves Bets Total Amount Bet = $6 Outcome: Horse 2 wins

8. Parimutuel Market Microstructure Boosaerts et al. [2001], Lange and Economides [2001], Fortnow et al. [2003], Yang and Ng [2003], Peters et al. [2005], etc LP pricing for the contingent claim market

9. World Cup Betting Results Orders Filled Orde r Price Limit Quantity Limit FilledArgentinaBrazilItalyGermanyFrance 10.75105111 20.35551 30.40105111 40.951001111 50.755511 ArgentinaBrazilItalyGermanyFrancePrice0.200.350.200.250.00 State Prices State Prices

10. Outline LP in Auction PricingLP in Auction Pricing –Parimutuel Call Auction Proving Theorems using LPProving Theorems using LP –Uncapacitated Facility Location –Core of Cooperative Game Applications of LP AlgorithmsApplications of LP Algorithms –Walras-Arrow-Debreu equilibrium –Linear Conic Programming Photo Album of GeorgePhoto Album of George

11. Input A set of clients or cities D A set of clients or cities D A set of facilities F with facility cost f i A set of facilities F with facility cost f i Connection cost C ij, (obey triangle inequality) Connection cost C ij, (obey triangle inequality) Output A subset of facilities F’ An assignment of clients to facilities in F’ Objective Minimize the total cost (facility + connection) Facility Location Problem

12.        location of a potential facility client (opening cost) (connection cost)

13. Facility Location Problem        location of a potential facility client (opening cost) (connection cost)

14. R-Approximate Solution and Algorithm

15. Hardness Results v NP-hard. Cornuejols, Nemhauser & Wolsey [1990]. v 1.463 polynomial approximation algorithm implies NP =P. Guha & Khuller [1998], Sviridenko [1998].

16. ILP Formulation Each client should be assigned to one facility. Clients can only be assigned to open facilities.

17. LP Relaxation and its Dual Interpretation: clients share the cost to open a facility, and pay the connection cost.

18. Bi-Factor Dual Fitting A bi-factor (R f,R c )-approximate algorithm is a max(R f,R c )-approximate algorithm

19. Simple Greedy Algorithm Introduce a notion of time, such that each event can be associated with the time at which it happened. The algorithm start at time 0. Initially, all facilities are closed; all clients are unconnected; all set to 0. Let C=D While, increase simultaneously for all, until one of the following events occurs: (1). For some client, and a open facility, then connect client j to facility i and remove j from C ; (2). For some closed facility i,, then open facility i, and connect client with to facility i, and remove j from C. Jain et al [2003]

20. Time = 0 F1=3 F2=4 35436 4

21. Time = 1 F1=3 F2=4 35436 4

22. Time = 2 F1=3 F2=4 35436 4

23. Time = 3 F1=3 F2=4 35436 4

24. Time = 4 F1=3 F2=4 35436 4

25. Time = 5 F1=3 F2=4 35436 4

26. Time = 5 F1=3 F2=4 35436 4 Open the facility on left, and connect clients “green” and “red” to it.

27. Time = 6 F1=3 F2=4 35436 4 Continue increase the budget of client “blue”

28. Time = 6 The budget of “blue” now covers its connection cost to an opened facility; connect blue to it. F1=3 F2=4 35436 4 556

29. The Bi-Factor Revealing LP Given, is bounded above by Subject to: Jain et al [2003], Mahdian et al [2006] In particular, if

30. Approximation Results

31. Other Examples Other Revealing LP Examples N. Bansal et al. on “Further improvements in competitive guarantees for QoS buffering,” 2004.N. Bansal et al. on “Further improvements in competitive guarantees for QoS buffering,” 2004. Mehta et al on “Adwords and Generalized Online Matching,” 2005Mehta et al on “Adwords and Generalized Online Matching,” 2005

32. A set of alliance-proof allocations of profit (Scarf [1967])A set of alliance-proof allocations of profit (Scarf [1967]) Deterministic game ( using linear programming duality, Dantzig/Von Neumann [1948])Deterministic game ( using linear programming duality, Dantzig/Von Neumann [1948]) – Owen [1975]), [1984], –Linear Production, MST, flow game, some location games (Owen [1975]), Samet and Zemel [1984], Tamir [1991], Deng et al. [1994], Feigle et al. [1997], Goemans and Skutella [2004], etc.) Stochastic game ( using stochastic linear programming duality, Rockafellar and Wets [1976]) – –Inventory game, Newsvendor (Anupindi et al. [2001], Muller et al. [2002], Slikker et al. [2005], Chen and Zhang [2006], etc. ) Core of Cooperative Game

33. Outline LP in Auction PricingLP in Auction Pricing –Parimutuel Call Auction Proving Theorems using LPProving Theorems using LP –Uncapacitated Facility Location –Core of Alliance Applications of LP AlgorithmsApplications of LP Algorithms –Walras-Arrow-Debreu equilibrium –Linear Conic Programming Photo Album of GeorgePhoto Album of George

34. Walras-Arrow-Debreu Equilibrium The problem was first formulated by Leon Walras in 1874, Elements of Pure Economics, or the Theory of Social Wealth n players, each with an initial endowment of a divisible good utility function for consuming all goods—own and others. Every player 1. 1.sells the entire initial endowment 2. 2.uses the revenue to buy a bundle of goods such that his or her utility function is maximized. Walras asked: Can prices be set for all the goods such that the market clears? Answer by Arrow and Debreu in 1954: yes, under mild conditions if the utility functions are concave.

35. Walras-Arrow-Debreu Equilibrium Goods Traders U 1 (.) U 2 (.) U n (.) 1 unit P1P1 P2P2 PnPn........ 1 2 n 1 2 n P1P1 P2P2 PnPn

36. Fisher Equilibrium P1P1 w1w1 Goods Buyers U 1 (.) U 2 (.) U n (.) 1 unit P2P2 PnPn........ 1 2 n 1 2 n w2w2 wnwn

37. Utility Functions

38. Equilibrium Computation Utility\Model FisherWAD LinearConvex Opt.LCP LeontiefConvex Opt. Eisenberg and Gale [1959], Scarf [1973], Eaves [1976,1985]

39. Equilibrium Computation Utility\Model FisherWAD LinearConvex Opt.Convex Opt LeontiefConvex Opt. Nenakhov and Primak [1983], Jain [2004]

40. Equilibrium Computation Utility\Model FisherWAD LinearLP-class LeontiefLP-class* [2004, 2005]

41. Equilibrium Computation Utility\Model FisherWAD LinearLP-class LeontiefLP-class*NP-Hard Codenotti et al. [2005], Chen and Deng [2005, 2006],

42. Linear Conic Programming Many excellent sessions in ISMP 2006 …

43. Outline LP in Auction PricingLP in Auction Pricing –Parimutuel Call Auction –Core of Alliance Proving Theorems using LPProving Theorems using LP –Uncapacitated Facility Location Applications of LP AlgorithmsApplications of LP Algorithms –Walras-Arrow-Debreu equilibrium –Linear Conic Programming Photo Album of GeorgePhoto Album of George

44. Childhood Years

45. University Student Years

46. 1967 Stanford OR

47. 1975 National Medal of Science

48. 1975 Nobel Laureate

49. 1987 Student Graduation

50. 2003 Science Fiction COMP IN OUR OWN IMAGE - a computer science odyssey - by George B. Dantzig Nach, pale and shaking, rushed in to tell Adam, Skylab’s Captain, that a biogerm plague is sweeping the Earth, killing millions like flies. COMP In Our Own Image Copyright © 2003 by George Bernard Dantzig All rights reserved

51. 2004 90 th Birthday Party Organized by MS&E, Stanford, November 12, 2004 (Lustig, Thapa, etc)

52. 2004 90 th Birthday Party

54. LP/Dantzig Legacy Continues LP/Dantzig Legacy Continues … LP/Dantzig Legacy Continues

55. THE DANTZIG-LIEBERMAN OPERATIONS RESEARCH FELLOWSHIP FUND