1. McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004 Chapter 28 Multimedia

2. McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004 Figure 28.1 Internet audio/video

3. McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004 Streaming stored audio/video refers to on-demand requests for compressed audio/video files. Note:

4. McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004 Streaming live audio/video refers to the broadcasting of radio and TV programs through the Internet. Note:

5. McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004 Interactive audio/video refers to the use of the Internet for interactive audio/video applications. Note:

6. McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004 28.1 Digitizing Audio and Video Digitizing Audio Digitizing Video

7. McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004 Compression is needed to send video over the Internet. Note:

8. McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004 28.2 Audio/Video Compression Audio Compression Video Compression

9. McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004 Figure 28.2 JPEG gray scale

10. McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004 Figure 28.3 JPEG process

11. McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004 Figure 28.4 Case 1: uniform gray scale

12. McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004 Figure 28.5 Case 2: two sections

13. McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004 Figure 28.6 Case 3: gradient gray scale

14. McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004 Figure 28.7 Reading the table

15. McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004 Figure 28.8 MPEG frames

16. McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004 Figure 28.9 MPEG frame construction

17. McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004 28.3 Streaming Stored Audio/Video First Approach Second Approach Third Approach Fourth Approach

18. McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004 Figure 28.10 Using a Web server

19. McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004 Figure 28.11 Using a Web server with a metafile

20. McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004 Figure 28.12 Using a media server

21. McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004 Figure 28.13 Using a media server and RTSP

22. McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004 28.4 Streaming Live Audio/Video Broadcasting of live audio/video over the Internet

23. McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004 28.5 Interactive Audio/Video Characteristics RTP RTCP

24. McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004 Figure 28.14 Time relationship

25. McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004 Jitter is introduced in real-time data by the delay between packets. Note:

26. McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004 Figure 28.15 Jitter

27. McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004 Figure 28.16 Timestamp

28. McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004 To prevent jitter, we can timestamp the packets and separate the arrival time from the playback time. Note:

29. McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004 Figure 28.17 Playback buffer

30. McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004 A playback buffer is required for real- time traffic. Note:

31. McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004 A sequence number on each packet is required for real-time traffic. Note:

32. McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004 Real-time traffic needs the support of multicasting. Note:

33. McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004 Translation means changing the encoding of a payload to a lower quality to match the bandwidth of the receiving network. Note:

34. McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004 Mixing means combining several streams of traffic into one stream. Note:

35. McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004 TCP, with all its sophistication, is not suitable for interactive multimedia traffic because we cannot allow retransmission of packets. Note:

36. McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004 UDP is more suitable than TCP for interactive traffic. However, we need the services of RTP, another transport layer protocol, to make up for the deficiencies of UDP. Note:

37. McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004 Figure 28.18 RTP

38. McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004 RTP uses a temporary even-numbered UDP port. Note:

39. McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004 Figure 28.19 RTCP message types

40. McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004 RTCP uses an odd-numbered UDP port number that follows the port number selected for RTP. Note:

41. McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004 Figure 28.20 SIP messages

42. McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004 Figure 28.21 SIP formats

43. McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004 Figure 28.22 SIP simple session

44. McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004 Figure 28.23 Tracking the callee

45. McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004 Figure 28.24 H.323 architecture

46. McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004 Figure 28.25 H.323 protocols

47. McGraw-Hill©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004 Figure 28.26 H.323 example