1. Announcements New extra credit opportunity. Question due in Section tomorrow.

2. ECHR, Rights Claims and the National Legal System I. National Incorporation of the European Convention: the process A. National institutional requirements 1. Article 1: obligation to respect HRs 2. Article 13: right to effective remedy 3. Flexibility in domestic implementation

3. European Convention of 1950 Article 2 Right to Life Article 3 Prohibition of Torture Article 4 Prohibition of slavery Article 5 Right to liberty and security Article 6 Right to Fair Trial Article 7 No punishment without law Article 8 Right to Respect for private life Article 9 Freedom of thought, religion Article 10 Freedom of expression Article 11 Freedom of assembly Article 12 Right to marry Article 13 Right to an effective remedy Article 14 Prohibition of discrimination

4. (I. National Incorporation, cont.) B. Varying National Incorporation Patterns 1. Early and Late Early: a longer legacy of Convention in national law (e.g. Austria, France, Netherlands) Late: those that incorporate only recently despite being members for 30 years or more (e.g. UK, Denmark, Sweden)

5. (I. National Incorporation, B. Varying National Incorporation, cont.) 2. Why is there Variation? a. generally, monist countries incorporated earlier (AUS, NET, SPA) b. dualist countries generally took longer relying on nat’l implementing legislation (UK, SWE, FIN)

6. II. How Convention Rights are Protected in National Legal System A. Empowering the National Judiciary EXAMPLES: FRA: Conseil d’Etat gave priority to an international treaty over a municipal law ITA: Court of Cassation recognizes direct applicability of ECHR case law AUS/SWISS: use ECHR rulings as basis to expand national rights SPA: the ECHR assisted the development of constitutional law when it was a new democracy

7. (II. How Convention Rights Protected, cont.) B. Creating Constitutional Rights in Domestic Law 1. Convention given Statutory Status: UK: Human Rights Act 1998 provides a statutory bill of rights GER: Const. Court upgraded Convention statutory status to stating Constitution must be read in light of the Convention

8. (II. How Convention Rights Protected, B. Creating Constitutional Rights, cont.) 2. Convention given Constitutional Status -Convention Rights are Supreme EXAMPLES: NET, AUS, BEL, CYP, CZ

9. III. Rights Litigation and the ECHR A. ECHR Litigation over time

10. Country1961-91970-91980-91990-7Total Austria34174872 Belgium35212049 Denmark0141116 France0067783 Germany13201034 Ireland303410 Italy0017130147 Netherlnd02103042 Norway00033 Sweden02132237 UK054253100

11. (III. Rights Litigation, cont.) B. Protection of Right to a Fair Trial (Art 6) -60% of cases between 1960-98 invoked Art6 EXAMPLES: 1. Length of Proceedings: Trippel v. Germany (2003) Cwyl v. Poland (2003) 2. Improper Action of National Courts Popescu Nast v. Romania (2003)

12. (III. Rights Litigation, cont.) C. Expansion of Convention Rights Goodwin v. UK (2002) Dispute: Goodwin claimed UK laws violated the Convention rights as applied to transexuals: -Art 14 (prohibition of discrimination) -Art 8 (right to private life) -Art 13 (right to effective remedy) -Art 12 (right to marry and to found a family)

13. (Goodwin Case, cont.) Question: In your view, should this case be the subject of national or international law? Should this be the responsibility of the legislature or the courts? Why or why not? ECHR Decision: UK law is in violation of Art 8 (private life) and Art 12 (to marry)

14. IV. Rights Litigation involving Convention Rights in the National Legal System A. Balancing Conflicting Rights: EXAMPLE: Right to Privacy v. Right to Freedom of Expression 1. Naomi Campbell v. the Mirror (2002) Dispute: Campbell’s right to privacy vs. the newspaper’s right to freedom of expression

15. (IV. Right Litigation involving Convention, A. Balancing, cont.) 2. Z.Jones/M.Douglas v. Hello! (2003) Dispute: Jones/Douglas brought suit against Hello! on 13 counts, including violation of their right to privacy. 3. Cases led to the development of new UK national privacy law

16. (IV. Right Litigation involving Convention, cont.) B. Problems with Varying Nat’l Implementation EXAMPLE Schröder v. Mail on Sunday/Maerkische Oderzietung (2003) Dispute: The Chancellor’s right to privacy vs. the newspapers’ right to freedom of expression Decision: bans newspaper article in Germany only, not the same paper sold in the UK