1. More intensive agriculture?

2. Convert more land to agriculture

3. Compete with food and feed?

4. Expanding agriculture Replaces previous uses of that land Nature eg savannah, forest Carbon released, biodiversity damaged, forest people threatened Pastoral land important especially in Africa Livestock often the only insurance policy for people Agriculture land Pushes farming activities elsewhere

5. Expanding agriculture Pushes farming and communities into new areas Destruction of habitats Eg sugar cane expansion pushes cattle-ranching and soy farming into the Amazon Social conflicts Threatens indigenous people 100 million people in Indonesia depend on the forests Land use changes = release of carbon Most agrofuels therefore worse for the climate then conventional oil

6. Indirect effects - prices Competition for same resources - increased prices

7. Hardest hit - people in developing countries

8. False solutions: Certification as a smokescreen Fails to deal with the main problem - over- consumption and inefficient use of resources in the North Issue too complex to solve main issues eg leakage Mandatory rules likely to be weak (not compatible with WTO) Unlikely to be fully implemented or monitored Resource document: FoEE report on certification

9. Ways forward - agrofuels Drop mandatory target - its not sustainable Fuel Quality Directive should focus on fossil fuels Stop subsidies and other incentives Real climate solutions Energy efficiency revolution Sustainable transport higher priority Tougher car efficiency standards

10. Ways forward - animal feeds Less consumption of animal products Raise awareness on link to GM crops Home grown protein crops