1. Halford Mackinder

2. Early Life: Born in Gainsborough Lincolnshire, England Mackinder went to Epsom College, boarding school in Surrey, from 1874-1880 University of Oxford He specialized in biology (received highest honors) 1883, then studied modern history Shifted to Geography- divided into physical and human geography Went to study law after Oxford at Middle Temple Became barrister in 1886 1861-1947

3. Theory: 1904- Mackinder wrote a paper “The Geographical Pivot of History” known as Heartland Theory ○Suggests that controlling Eastern Europe was important to control the world ■ Hypothesis ● “Who rules East Europe commands the Heartland; who rules the Heartland commands the World- Island; who rules the World-Island commands the world.” (1919) ● No more land to conquer: there will be a struggle for dominance, any winner would make a world empire ○The world was divided into two parts: “world-island” Eurasia and Africa and everything else (Periphery) ○Any power which controlled the World-Island would control well over 50% of the world's resources ■ Main point: whoever controlled Eastern Europe “Heartland” controls Asia, Europe, and Africa (world-island)

4. Theory:

5. Influences: Foreign policies of world powers Germany German Karl Haushofer applied this theory during the Third Reich; to take control United States Theory was only designed for Eurasia

6. Ways to Prevent this: Mackinder knew this theory would create war He believed that this would lead to the dictatorship of Germany Elaborated on the concept of “one world,” and the need for establishment of regional powers During World War II, NATO was created to stop world power

7. Activity: Heartland Inner Crescent Outer Crescent

8. Bibliography: Bradley, Niall. "Geopolitics of Empire: Mackinder's Heartland Theory and the Containment of Russia -- Sott.net." SOTT.net. Quantum Future, 2 Apr. 2014. Web. 20 Sept. 2015..http://www.sott.net/article/276668-Geopolitics-of-Empire-Mackinders-Heartland-Theory-and-the-Containment-of- Russia Crone, G. (n.d.). Sir Halford John Mackinder | British political geographer. Retrieved September 20, 2015, from http://www.britannica.com/biography/Halford-John-Mackinder http://www.britannica.com/biography/Halford-John-Mackinder Fettweis, C. (2000, May 9). PARAMETERS, US Army War College Quarterly - Summer 2000. Retrieved September 20, 2015, from http://strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pubs/parameters/Articles/00summer/fettweis.htm http://strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pubs/parameters/Articles/00summer/fettweis.htm Halford Mackinder. (2014, August 27). Retrieved September 20, 2015, from http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Halford_Mackinderhttp://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Halford_Mackinder Hee, R. (2005, July 18). V24N3 - World Conquest : The Heartland Theory of Halford J. Mackinder. Retrieved September 20, 2015, from http://www.mindef.gov.sg/safti/pointer/back/journals/1998/Vol24_3/8.htm http://www.mindef.gov.sg/safti/pointer/back/journals/1998/Vol24_3/8.htm Semps, F. (2000, February 1). Sempa | Mackinder’s World (I). Retrieved September 20, 2015, from http://www.unc.edu/depts/diplomat/AD_Issues/amdipl_14/sempa_mac1.html http://www.unc.edu/depts/diplomat/AD_Issues/amdipl_14/sempa_mac1.html Rubenstein, James. "Chapter 8: Political Geography." The Cultural Landscape: An Introduction to Human Geography. Tenth ed. Upper Saddle River NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall, 2011. 238-271. Print.