1. Global History I: Spiconardi

2.  Crusades  Exposed Europeans to the goods of the far east  Increased demand of spices and silk  Fall of the Byzantine Empire (________)  European merchants wanted to find new routes around Muslim controlled territories

3.  Desire for new sources of wealth  Commercial Revolution increased reliance on gold and silver  Monarchs needed to finance continual wars and conflicts in Europe  In particular Spain

4.  Desire to Spread Christianity  Advancements in Science & Technology  Improved geographic knowledge & cartography  Magnetic Compass  Astrolabe  Instrument used to figure out latitude at seas  Bigger, better, and faster ships  explorers could sail across or against the wind

5.  Portugal took the lead in European exploration  Prince Henry “The Navigator”  Encouraged Portuguese exploration through a navigation school for cartographers, shipbuilders, sea captains and scientists

6.  Bartolomeu Dias  First European Explorer to sail to the tip of Africa known as the Cape of Good Hope. Could not continue to India due to a storm that destroyed his fleet.

7.  Vasco da Gama  First European to sail around the Cape of Good Hope and make it to India  Legacy  Completed longest recorded sea voyage to that point in history  Established Portugal as a trade empire for centuries  Ruthless Methods  Killed Muslim merchants and sacked Indian City of Calicut when he didn’t like the trade deals he was offered.

8.  Spain  Inspired by the Portuguese to establish their own trade empire  Isabella & Ferdinand  “Queen and King of Spain” who wanted to gain a share of the rich spice trade and spread Christianity (especially Isabella)

9.  Cristoforo Colombo  Believed he could reach India by sailing west across the Atlantic  Reached Caribbean in 1492, but believed he reached India until the day he died

10.  Cristoforo Colombo  Great Man or Villian?  Opened the Americas to colonization  Precipitated the Columbian Exchange (Three continent cultural diffusion)  Enslaved Native Indians  Purposely killed Indians and spread small pox  Leads to European imperialism  Imperialism  one country dominating the politics, economics, and culture of another country or people

11.  Why is Columbus credited with “discovering” America? Washington Irving Writes the The Life and Voyages of Christopher Columbus Book is romantic history Claims Columbus reached America Claims Europeans thought Earth was flat

12.  Ferdinand Magellan  led the first expedition that successfully circumnavigated (sail around the world)  Magellan is killed in the Philippines, so he never circumnavigates (only 18 of his men make it)

13.  Treaty of Tordesillas

14.  Spain & Portugal argue over land claims in the “New World”  Pope Alexander VI brokers a deal in which Spain gets the Americas, while Portugal would get Brazil (upon it’s discovery in 1500) and the west coast of Africa  Europeans establish colonies in the “New World,” Africa, and Asia