2. Lesson Essential Question What is consciousness? How do our body’s natural rhythms differ from one another?

3.  Write your definition of consciousness.  Get with a partner and share

4.  Awareness of yourself and the environment.  The experience of conscious behaviors can include thoughts, sensations, and memories

5. Levels of Consciousness

6.  Consciousness – current level of awareness  Subconscious – information out of awareness, memories aren’t easily accessible  Unconscious – information out of awareness, no actual memories may even exist, though behavior may be affected

7.  Nonconscious – body processes that we are not aware of, but are active  Preconscious – information out of awareness, but memories are easily accessible

8. How do preconscious and subconscious differ? How do subconscious and unconscious differ? Why would/should we have unconscious desires? What levels affect behavior? Where do dreams come into play?

9. Biological Rhythms - natural life cycles that help to guide our levels of awareness and our behaviors  Examples?  Jet lag

10.  Annual Cycles – Seasonal changes affecting moods, appetite, sleep patterns  Twenty-Eight Day Cycle – Female Menstrual Cycle  Ninety-Minute Cycle – Sleep Cycle  Twenty-Four Hour Cycle – Daily cycle of levels of alertness, hormones, body temperature, etc. also known as…

11.  A cycle or rhythm that is roughly 24 hours long. The cyclical daily fluctuations in biological and psychological processes.

12.  IE. ◦ Peak Mental Alertness at 9:00 AM and 9:00 PM ◦ Low Mental Alertness at 3:00 AM and 3:00 PM ◦ Peak Physical Strength at 11:00 AM and 7:00 PM ◦ Peak Sensations at 3:00 AM and 6:00 PM ◦ Peak Sensitivity to Pain at 3:00 AM and 5:00 PM ◦ Peak Degrees of Sleepiness at 3:00 AM and 3:00 PM

14. What are the stages of sleep? What are some common sleep disorders, and what are their consequences? What are the costs to your body when you don’t get enough sleep? Why do we dream?

15. ◦ When decreased levels of light, the pineal gland releases melatonin, which causes sleepiness and reduced activity level ◦ When there are increased levels of light, melatonin levels decrease and conscious awareness level increase

16. When there are increased levels of light, melatonin levels decrease and conscious awareness level increases

17. On average, humans sleep 22 years of their lifetime Seventeen hours of sustained wakefulness leads to a decrease in performance equivalent to a blood alcohol-level of 0.05% body temperature and the brain's sleep-wake cycle are closely linked

18.  Restorative Theory of Sleep ◦ Sleep promotes physiological processes that restore and rejuvenate the body and the mind ◦ NREM = bodily restoration and REM = mind restoration

19.  Adaptive theory—sleep emerged in evolution to preserve energy and protect during the time of day when there is little value and considerable danger

20.  There are 2 different types of sleep: ◦ REM Sleep: type of sleep during which rapid eye movements and dreaming occur and voluntary muscle activity is suppressed ◦ NREM Sleep: quiet, typically dreamless sleep in which rapid eye movements are absent

21.  Pre-Sleep: ◦ As you transition from wakefulness to sleep (drowsy stage), you may experience some type of hypnagogic hallucinations and/or myoclonic jerks  You may hear a loud crash, hear someone call your name, feel a sensation of floating, smell something burning, see a variety of colors  Involuntary muscle spasms

22.  STAGE 1 : ◦ Transitional stage from wakefulness to sleep ◦ First 5-10 minutes of sleep ◦ Gradually disengage from the sensations of the surrounding world ◦ Still able to regain consciousness easily at this point ◦ Some hypnagogic experiences continue here

23.  Stage 2 : ◦ 15-20 minutes ◦ Breathing becomes rhythmical ◦ Some small muscle twitches ◦ Brain activity begins to slow down ◦ Sleep Spindles - Quick bursts of brain activity that last for a second or two

24.  Stages 3 ◦ Transitional stage from 2 to 4

25.  Stages 4: ◦ Heart rate, blood pressure, and breathing drop to their lowest levels

26.  … by Stage 4: ◦ Slow delta waves  the sleeper is nearly oblivious to the outside world, and may take 15 minutes or more to regain consciousness from this level

27.  Stage 4: ◦ It is possible to carry conversations, answer the phone, walk in this stage and never remember it ◦ Most sleeping disorders occur during this time

28.  By the time a sleeper has reached Stage 4, they have been asleep for about 60 minutes total.  After Stage 4 has been reached, the sleeper cycles back from Stage 3 to Stage 2 in a matter of minutes and enters REM Sleep.

30.  REM Sleep : ◦ The brain becomes more active and generates small, fast brain waves ◦ Visual and motor neurons fire during this stage, but voluntary muscle movements are suppressed (paralysis)

31.  REM (Rapid Eye Movement) ◦ recurring sleep stage ◦ vivid dreams ◦ “paradoxical sleep”  muscles are generally relaxed, but other body systems are active

32. ◦ Heart rate, blood pressure, and respiration increase, muscles twitches, heightened sexual arousal ◦ The first REM stage lasts about 15 minutes – the first sleep cycle lasts about 90 minutes total

33.  REM Rebound Sleep ◦ The less time we spend in REM sleep one night, the longer amount of time we will spend in REM sleep the next night

34.  Sleepers cycle between NREM and REM sleep throughout the night  Each cycle lasts about 90 minutes

37.  Restoration theory—body wears out during the day and sleep is necessary to put it back in shape  Adaptive theory—sleep emerged in evolution to preserve energy and protect during the time of day when there is little value and considerable danger

41.  Some individuals need more and some less than the typical 8 hours per night  Nonsomniacs—sleep far less than most but do not feel tired during the day  Insomniacs—have a normal desire for sleep but are unable to and feel tired during the day

43.  Insomnia ◦ A condition in which a person regularly experiences an inability to fall asleep, to stay asleep, or to feel adequately rested by sleep.

44.  Sleepwalking (somnambulism) ◦ Usually within the first three hours of sleep ◦ The sleeper typically has the ability to navigate around objects, albeit poorly coordinated and in a stiff, automatic manner

45. Sleep Apnea

46. ◦ Carbon- dioxide builds up in the blood, causing a momentary awakening, during which the sleeper snorts or gulps for air A sleep disorder in which the person repeatedly stops breathing during sleep

47.  Though narcoleptics can fall asleep at any time, arousals usually trigger sleep – laughter, anger, surprise, sex  Narcoleptics instantly lose muscular control, and enter REM sleep. The dreams are often terrifying. Narcolepsy –A sleep disorder characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness and brief lapses into sleep throughout the day

48.  Night Terrors ◦ occur within 2 or 3 hours of falling asleep, usually during Stage 4 ◦ high arousal- appearance of being terrified ◦ Right back to sleep – usually no memory of the event  Nightmares ◦ occur towards morning ◦ during REM sleep

49.  8 hours is generally suggested for adults, but the typical adult sleeps less than 7 hours a night.  9 hours is generally suggested for teenager, but the typical teen sleeps only about 6 hours a night.

50.  Effects of Sleep Loss ◦ fatigue ◦ impaired concentration ◦ immune suppression ◦ irritability ◦ slowed performance  Accidents  planes autos and trucks

51.  25% of a night’s sleep spent dreaming (about 2 hours) (6 yrs of your life)  Sleep Thinking – much more common ◦ Vague, uncreative thoughts about real-life events

52.  Dreams are a sequence of images, emotions, and thoughts passing through a sleeping person’s mind. Notable for their hallucinatory imagery, discontinuities, and delusions

53. Dreams are unfolding episodes of mental images (story-like)

54. True dream—vivid, detailed dreams consisting of sensory and motor sensations experienced during REM Sleep thought—lacks vivid sensory and motor sensations, is more similar to daytime thinking, and occurs during slow-wave sleep Lucid dreaming

55. What are true dreams for?  Psychoanalytic interpretation  Activation synthesis model

56.  Brain activity during sleep produces dream images (activation) which are combined by the brain into a dream story (synthesis).  Meaning is to be found by analyzing the way the dreamer makes sense of the progression of chaotic dream images.

57. 5 Basic Characteristics ◦ Emotions can be intense ◦ Content/organization are usually illogical ◦ Bizarre sensations ◦ Even bizarre detail is uncritically accepted ◦ Dream images are difficult to remember

58.  We dream every night but often don’t remember.  We remember dreams that occur close to waking.

59.  A lucid dream is the act of consciously perceiving and recognizing that one is dreaming, enabling a more cogent ("lucid") control over the content and quality of the experience.

60.  Sigmund Freud (1900)  The Interpretation of Dreams ◦ wish fulfillment  (disguised fulfillment of repressed wishes) ◦ discharge otherwise unacceptable feelings ◦ Sex and Aggression

61.  The manifest content of a dream is the literal storyline and events that occurred  The latent content of a dream is the interpretation of the unconscious drives, wishes, and desires that created the dream (the symbolism)