1. Undergraduate Motor Learning Emily H. Wughalter, Ed.D. Revised for Fall 2008

2. A taxonomy is a classification system. In our class we learned a system for classifying motor tasks proposed by Ann Gentile (1972, 1975, 1987, 2001).

3. A variable is something defined by an experimenter and is measured along some dimension, including: nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio measurement.

4.  Open skills  Closed skills  Manipulation of objects  Adaptive movements  Intertrial variability  Motor patterns

5.  Weave in known information with the information contained in the literature available  Summarize the work of the researchers, including: hypotheses, methods, results, and conclusions  Omit quotes as much as possible  Use the word participants instead of subjects  Do not use text messaging terms in formal writing

6.  Do not state an article title in the context of an essay  Use spell-check and a grammar checker if available  Omit the verb to prove in scholarly writing  Omit contractions in scholarly writing  Attempt to omit passive writing styles  Omit personal pronouns in formal writing

7.  Attempt to reduce reliance on secondary reference materials  Affect is ordinarily used as a verb and effect is ordinarily used as a noun  Paragraphs????  Introduction and conclusion paragraphs  Use past tense when referring to the literature

8. USE NEUTRAL LANGUAGE PLEASE  No gender bias  No race bias  No ethnic bias  No bias at all!

9. Format and Grammatical Issues n “The first article I read dealt with …”. n “The second of my articles dealt with…”. n “Darden did some research…”. –Why not use –Darden conducted research…. n Eliminate words like believe and feel n Agreement of Subject/Object and Subject/Verb

10. APA stands for the American Psychological Association. The APA is now up to Version 5 of its format manual. Please be sure to use the most current manual for developing papers.

11. Example 1 - Reference in text In their study, Cooper and Rothstein (1982) found videotape replay was an effective source of external feedback for open and closed environments. Example 2 - Reference in parentheses Videotape replay has been found to be an effective source of external feedback (Cooper & Rothstein, 1982).

12. For direct quotes: Cooper and Rothstein (1982) found “… that both the groundstrokes and the serve were learned best under PEIF” (p. 198). “… Both the groundstrokes and the serve were learned best under PEIF” (Cooper & Rothstein, 1982, p. 198).

13. Format and Grammatical Issues n Eliminate the adjective “HUGE” n Beware of plagiarism

14.  Should open skills be changed to closed skills during practice?

15. Brady, F. (1996). Anticipation of coincidence, gender, and sports classification. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 82, 227-239. Cooper, L. K., & Rothstein, A. L. (1982). Video replay and the learning skills in open and closed environments. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 52, 191-199. Darling, W. G., & Cooke, J. D. (1987). Changes in the variability of movement trajectories with practice. Journal of Motor Behavior, 19, 3. Eidson, T. A., & Stadulis, R. E. (1991). Effects of variability of practice on the transfer and performance of open and closed skills. Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly, 8, 342-356. Gentile, A. M. (1972). A working model of skill acquisition with application to teaching. Quest, 17, 3-23.

16. Hautala, R. M., Conn, J. H. (1993). A test of Magill’s closed to open continuum for skill development. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 77, 219-226. Highlen, P., & Bennett, B. (1983). Elite divers and wrestlers: A comparison between open- and closed-skill athletes. Journal of Sport Psychology, 5, 390-409. Jarus, T., Wughalter, E. H., & Gianutsos, J. (1997). Effects of contextual interference and conditions of movement task on acquisition, retention, and transfer of motor skills by women. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 84, 179-183. Liu, W.H. (1996). Review of recent Chinese research on field dependence- independence in high-level athletes. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 83, 1187- 1193.

17. Mc Loed, B. (1983). Field dependence as a factor in sports with preponderance of open or closed skills. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 60, 369-370. Mount, J. (1996). Effect of practice of a throwing skill in one body position on performance of the skill in an alternate position. Perceptual and Motor Skills,, 723-732. Mulholland, R., & McNeill, A. (1989). Heart rate responses of profoundly retarded, multiply handicapped children during closed-skill fine motor and open-skill gross motor activities. Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly, 6 (1), 68-78. Poulton, E. G. (1957). Range effects in experiments on people. American Journal of Psychology, 88, 3-32.

18. Riach, C. L., & Hayes, K. C. (1990). Anticipatory postural control in children. Journal of Motor Behavior, 22, 250-266. Rothstein, A., & Wughalter, E. H. (1987). Basic stuff series 1: Motor Learning. Reston, VA: AAHPERD. Sherwood, D. E., & Weeks, D. L. (1994). A comparison of knowledge of results scheduling methods for promoting motor skill acquisition and retention. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 65, 136-142. Wrisberg, C. A., & Anshel, M. H. (1993). A field test of the activity set hypothesis for warm-up decrement in an open skill. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport,,

19. Yazdy. O. (1998). Speed of information in sport: closed vs open skills. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 19, 281-295.