1. QPA1 Review

3. 1. Your teacher knows you are the master of lab safety rules and wants you to make a lab safety poster for her classroom. What are the 5 most important lab safety rules you would include? That would be to follow all instructions, written and verbal, about the laboratory procedures given by the teacher.

4. 2. What are the base units for measurement in the metric system for mass, length, and volume? Mass: gram ( g ) Length: Meter ( m ) Volume: Liter (l)

6. 3. How can we record a measurement bigger than the base unit? add prefixes to the base unit Ex: gram -> add kilo = kilogram

7. thousandshundredstens basic unit tenths hundred ths thousandths 10001001010.10.010.001 kilo-hecto-deca- Meter Gram Liter deci-centi-milli-

8. 4 How do you find the volume of an irregular object? Displacement, or The volume of a solid object such as a rock or pebble can be determined by submerging it in a liquid in a graduated cylinder or other container. The difference in the volume of the liquid is the volume of the object.

9. 5. What are the different tools we use to make measurements and what do they measure? Ruler or meter stick - length graduated cylinders - volume triple beam balance- mass

10. 6. We use a systematic method for finding answers to questions we may have. What is it called? Scientific method

11. 7. What are the steps of this system? Ask a Question Do Background Research Construct a Hypothesis Test Your Hypothesis by Doing an Experiment Analyze Your Data and Draw a Conclusion Communicate Your Results

12. 8. What is a variable in an experiment? A variable is something that can be changed in an experiment

13. 9. What happens to the temperature and pressure the deeper you go in Earth? As you go deeper, temperature and pressure both increase.

14. 10. How do materials of different densities layer? The greatest density material sinks to the bottom the lowest density material “floats” on top.

15. 11. The crust is the outer layer of the Earth. What are some differences between continental crust and oceanic crust? Continental crust is mainly composed of granite rock. It is less dense than ocean crust. Oceanic crust is Basalt rock. It is very dense.

16. 12. What is the lithosphere? The lithosphere is the solid, rocky layer covering the entire surface. It includes the tectonic plates.

17. 13. What is the asthenosphere? The asthenosphere is the part of the Earth that the plates slide on top of.

18. 14. What is occurring in the Mantle that causes crust to move? convection currents.

20. 15. What evidence did Wegener use to support his theory of continental drift? 1.The coastlines look like puzzle pieces. 2. Matching plant and animal fossils were found on either side of the ocean, indicating that the continents were once joined together. 3. He also found evidence past climates were much different, including tropical were much different, including tropical fossils in Antarctica and glaciers in Africa fossils in Antarctica and glaciers in Africa

22. 16. Why did many scientists reject Wegener’s theory of continental drift? Wegener proposed the continental drift theory, and provided scientific evidences for such, but couldn't explain the mechanism or processes behind the movement of continents. It wasn't until the mid- twentieth century with the discovery of the Mid- Atlantic Ridge that the processes causing plate movements began to be understood and led to the science of plate tectonics. He couldn’t explain HOW!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

24. 17. What does SONAR allow us to do? To get a better understanding of the ocean floor

25. 18. What did we find using SONAR? The mid-ocean ridge

26. 19. What did scientists find out was going on at the mid-ocean ridges because of SONAR? Sea floor spreading (new ocean floor was being produced)

27. 20. How did this information lead to Hess’s theory of sea-floor spreading? New crust being produced pushes plates apart. It showed HOW the continents can move

28. 21. How does Hess’s theory help Wegener? It supported Wegener’s theory of continental drift because it explained how continents move.

29. 22. The new theory is The Theory of Plate Tectonics. This theory says the Earth’s crust is broken into plates that move around. What are the three types of plate boundaries? Convergent (Mtns, Volcanoes) Transform (earthquakes) Divergent (rift valley, MO ridge, Volcano, earthquakes)

30. 23. The movement of the plates leads to stress being put on rocks in the Earth. What is stress? The force that changes a rock’s shape

31. 24. In what ways do the types of stress affect the Earth? Rocks deform and form faults Stress causes the shape of the crust to change

32. 25. When the Earth can’t take any more stress, it breaks (fault). How does the Earth move during the three types of faults? Compression Reverse Tension Normal Shearing Strike-Slip

33. 26. What can occur when stress is released in the Earth along one of these faults? Seismic waves earthquakes

34. 27. How do we measure earthquakes? We use seismographs at the surface of the earth to determine how large the earthquake was. A seismogram is the paper reading of the earthquake

35. 28. How do we locate earthquakes? Triangulation Triangulation- We use seismograph readings from a minimum of three locations to pinpoint an earthquake. The location is where all three circles intersect.

36. 29. What types of damage can earthquakes cause? Aftershocks Tsunamis Liquefaction Shaking

37. 30. Describe how volcanoes form at the three different locations. Convergent Boundary Divergent Boundary Hot Spots

38. 32. How does the amount of silica determine whether the eruption will be quiet or explosive? High silica = explosive eruption ( a boiling pot of spaghetti sauce) Low silica = quiet eruption ( a boiling pot of water)