1. 1 Chapter Ⅶ. The Endocrine Pancreas PS Wang/ 2004.05

2. 2 Islets of Langerhans (ovoid, 1-2% of the wt. of pancreas) 1.A cell (20%) glucagon catabolic, mobilizing glu., FFA & A.A. from stores into blood stream 2.B cell (>50%) insulin anabolic, increasing the storage of glu. 3.D cell (1-8%) somatostatin insulin, glucagon 4.No designation (few) pancreatic polypeptide function unknown 5.the fifth cell type PS Wang/ 2004.05

3. 3 Yen & Jaffe 23-1 #240

4. 4 Hadley Endocrinology 1988 2nd ed #2007

5. 5 Ganong Review of Medical Physiology 2003 21st ed #256

6. 6 Ganong Review of Medical Physiology 1985 12th ed #258

7. 7 Ganong, W.F. Review of Medical Physiology 23rd Edition, ©2010 by The Mc Graw-Hill Companies, Inc.

8. 8 Modified from http://student.biology.arizona.edu/honors2003/group05/bg.html Akt = protein kinase B GLUT-4 =Glucose transporter type 4 IRS-1 = insulin receptor substrate-1

9. 9 Ganong Review of Medical Physiology 1985 12th ed #1428

10. 10 Hadley Endocrinology 1988 2nd ed #2008

11. 11 Hadley Endocrinology 1988 2nd ed #2009

12. 12 Ganong Review of Medical Physiology 2003 21st ed #259

13. 13 Ganong Review of Medical Physiology 2003 21st ed #156

14. 14 Ganong Review of Medical Physiology 2003 21st ed #1429

15. 15 Ganong Review of Medical Physiology 2003 21st ed #260

16. 16 #206

17. 17 Hadley Endocrinology 1988 2nd ed #2013

18. 18 #165

19. 19 Characteristics of Diabetes Mellites polyuria, polydipsia (= excessive thirst), weight loss in spite of polyphagia ( appetite) hyperglycemia, glycosuria, ketosis, acidosis, coma PS Wang/ 2004.05

20. 20 Glucose Tolerance If a glucose load is given to a diabetic, the blood glucose rises higher and returns to the baseline more slowly than it normally does PS Wang/ 2004.05

21. 21 Chemistry ----1. polypeptide, 29 A.A. 2. MW = 3485 3. t 1/2 = 5-10 min 4. synthesized from proglucagon 5. degraded by liver Effects ------ 1. glycogenolytic, gluconeogenic, lipolytic 2. stimulates adenylate cyclase (in liver) glycogen break down blood glucose 3. does not cause glycogenolysis in muscle 4. stiumlates the secretion of GH, insluin, SRIF Regulation of secretion ---- 1. protein meal glucagon 2. starvation glucagon Glucagon PS Wang/ 2004.05

22. 22 #163

23. 23 Hadley Endocrinology 1988 2nd ed #2010

24. 24 Ganong Review of Medical Physiology 2003 21st ed #158

25. 25 Ganong Review of Medical Physiology 2003 21st ed #157

26. 26 Hadley Endocrinology 1988 2nd ed #2012

27. 27 Ganong Review of Medical Physiology 1999 19th ed #160

28. 28 Human Diabetes Juvenile Diabetes : onset in childhood or adolescene frequently ketoacidosis B cell disorders pancreatic insulin content is low Maturity Diabetes : onset in adult (obese people) ketoacidosis is rare B cell morphology is normal pancreatic insulin content is normal PS Wang/ 2004.05

29. 29 Tepperman & Tepperman Metabolic and Endocrine Physiology 1997 5th ed #1239